Stations are shown by well-defined circles, and the name given in plain lettering. Termini are best shown by blocks representing the size of the buildings according to the scale of the map.
Except on maps of a very large scale, jungle should not be shown over hilly ground. Representing such objects as trees, jungle or brushwood, over plains or flat lands, on all ordinary scale maps, is very necessary, and the exact limits of the jungle or waste should be surveyed and correctly given by a dotted line, but over hilly ground it would be impossible to do so without impairing the beauty and hiding the features of the hill drawing. If it is actually necessary to make it known that the hills have jungle on them, let a foot-note to the effect be inserted amongst the remarks or under the title of the map. Under the head of remarks or notes, it is always very necessary to state the kind of jungle which exists in the surveyed tracts, for the information of speculators and timber merchants, and for the guidance of the lithographer or engraver. Notes on maps, whether statistical or geographical, can never be too full; they are useful in supplying at once information which could be obtained only from reading reports, and frequently they render topographical details intelligible where there might otherwise be doubt or misconception. They can be recorded in any spare corner or blank space on the map.
Size of Cities, Towns and Villages, and the different ways of representing them.
—It is of the utmost importance that all maps of a large scale should show the size accurately of cities, towns and villages. If the scale admits of it, the several blocks or groups of houses with the roads between them should be correctly drawn.
Sketching, Shading, and Copying Hills.
—In sketching hills, always begin by fixing—1st. The drainage; 2nd. Those features which are most prominent, such as peaks, rocks, ledges of rock running with the strata of the hills, trees remarkable for some peculiarity in shape or size so as to be recognized from various positions, and any other objects likely to help the eye in filling in the details; and lastly, sketch the details, beginning always with the ground nearest yourself.
Endeavour to portray your ground faithfully—1st. By preserving the direction and bend of streams as in nature; 2nd. By giving the run of the ridges correctly; 3rd. By fixing the peaks, ledges of rock, precipitous falls and flats carefully; 4th. By showing the saddles or depressions between peaks, which can only be done by giving the peaks on either side sufficient relief in shading; 5th. By attending strictly to the true breadth of valleys; 6th. By suppressing all hollows with a suitable depth of tint; 7th. By careful representation of the banks of streams in the valleys; and lastly, by finishing shades and touches, in which is comprehended the retouching with brush or pen work the entire piece, strengthening the shade of the higher ridges and peaks to show their relative heights, and suppressing the white tint along the ridges.
Many excellent draughtsmen are in the habit of leaving the ridge of mountain ranges quite white; this is evidently a mistake, for, unless the ridge of any range of hills is of one uniform height from end to end, it cannot correctly be left white. Thus a wrong impression is conveyed of the surface of the ridge, the white streaks look harsh and are displeasing to the eye, and a stiff and unartistic look is given to the finish of the drawing.
The means of communication, whether by roads or minor tracks, are important, both for civil and military purposes, and should be carefully inserted in the map. This can generally be done with facility in a hilly country, as the fixed marks will be visible in sufficient number along the road, so that the latter may be drawn in at once by plane-table operations along the line of communication to be surveyed. In flat countries, or where the view is circumscribed, it may be necessary to resort to measurements and plotting; but should any case occur where the fixed points of reference are far apart, the traverse system must be resorted to, and the road should be plotted from computed co-ordinates.