The Draughtsman's Handbook of Plan and Map Drawing / Including instructions for the preparation of engineering, architectural, and mechanical drawings. - George G. André

(100 × versed sine of the inclination.)
Angle.		Reduc- tion.
°	′
3	0	0·15
3	30	0·19
4	0	0·24
4	30	0·31
5	0	0·38
5	30	0·46
6	0	0·55
6	30	0·64
7	0	0·75
7	30	0·86
8	0	0·97
8	30	1·10
9	0	1·23
9	30	1·37
10	0	1·53
10	30	1·67
11	0	1·84
11	30	2·01
12	0	2·19
12	30	2·37
13	0	2·56
13	30	2·76
14	0	2·97
14	30	3·19
15	0	3·41
15	30	3·64
16	0	3·87
16	30	4·12
17	0	4·37
17	30	4·63
18	0	4·89
18	30	5·17
19	0	5·45
19	30	5·74
20	0	6·03
20	30	6·33
21	0	6·64
21	30	6·96
22	0	7·28
22	30	7·61
23	0	7·95
23	30	8·29
24	0	8·65
24	30	9·01
25	0	9·37
25	30	9·74
26	0	10·13
26	30	10·51
27	0	10·90
27	30	11·30
28	0	11·71
28	30	12·11
29	0	12·53
29	30	12·96
30	0	13·40

Curvature and Refraction.

Table of Corrections in Feet and Decimals of a Foot.

Distance In Miles.		Curvature.		Refraction.		Correction for Curvature and Refraction.
	¹⁄₄		·04		·01		·03
	¹⁄₂		·17		·02		·15
	³⁄₄		·37		·05		·32
1			·67		·09		·58
1	¹⁄₂	1	·50		·21	1	·29
2		2	·67		·38	2	·29
2	¹⁄₂	4	·17		·60	3	·57
3		6	·00		·86	5	·14
3	¹⁄₂	8	·17	1	·17	7	·00
4		10	·67	1	·52	9	·15
4	¹⁄₂	13	·55	1	·93	11	·62
5		16	·67	2	·38	14	·29
5	¹⁄₂	20	·18	2	·88	17	·30
6		24	·01	3	·43	20	·58
6	¹⁄₂	28	·18	4	·03	24	·15
7		32	·68	4	·67	28	·01
7	¹⁄₂	37	·52	5	·36	32	·16
8		42	·69	6	·10	36	·59
8	¹⁄₂	48	·19	6	·88	41	·31
9		54	·02	7	·72	46	·30
9	¹⁄₂	60	·20	8	·60	51	·60
10		66	·70	9	·53	57	·17

INDEX.

A.
Angle, to bisect, [16]
——, to construct, equal to a given angle, [17]
——, to draw a line making a given, [15]
—— of light in mechanical drawings, [48]
—— —— in topographical drawings, [54]
Arch, Gothic, equilateral, to draw, [23]
——, —— lancet, to draw, [24]
——, —— obtuse, to draw, [24]
——, —— ogee, to draw, [25]
——, —— Tudor, to draw, [24]
——, Moorish horse-shoe, to draw, [24]
——, semi-elliptical, to construct, [23]
Architectural drawings, [121]
Arcs, centres of, to be marked, [10]
Areas to triangles, to compute, [142]
B.
Bisecting an angle, [16]
Blacklead paper, [8]
Book of reference, [97], [101]
Books for field sketching, [115]
Borders and corners, [69]
Borings, [104]
Bottle indiarubber, [9]
Boundary maps, [104]
Bows, [2]
——, spring, [2]
Broken lines, [30]
Brushes for tinting, [41]
Buildings—plans, sections, and elevations, position of, on drawing, [125]
C.
Carbonic paper, [8]
Cartridge paper, [6]
Centre lines, [10]
—— ——, care to be taken in placing correctly, [10]
Centre of circle, to find the, [18]
Centres of arcs to be marked, [10]
Cinquefoil, Gothic, to draw, [26]
Circle, to describe, through three given points, [17]
——, to draw a tangent to, [17]
——, to draw radii of, the centre being inaccessible, [18]
——, to find the centre of, [18]
Circles, concentric drawing, [10]
Cities, to represent size of, [112]
Civil engineers’ plans, [96]
Cleaning drawing pen, [3]
Cleaning off drawings, [9]
Cleanliness, importance of, [9]
——, precautions to be taken to ensure, [9]
Cloth, tracing, [7]
——, ——, Sager’s vellum, [7]
——, ——, sizes of, [7]
Colour for buildings, [47]
—— for cultivated land, [47]
—— for fences, [47]
—— for grass-land, [45]
—— for gravel, [46]
—— for marsh, [45]
—— for mud, [46]
—— for roads, [47]
—— for sand, [46]
—— for streets, [47]
—— for water, [45]
—— for woodland, [46]
—— for uncultivated land, [47]
Colouring cylindrical objects, [124]
—— drawings, [11], [122]
—— rivers and streams, [110]
Colours, [39]
——, conventional, Table of, [44]
—— for sections, [44]
Compasses, [2]
——, manner of using, [2]
——, pencil leg of, [2]
——, points of, [2]
——, removing movable leg, [2]
Competition drawings, paper for, [6]
Concentric circles, drawing, [10]
Construction of scales, [11]
Continuous cartridge paper, [6]
—— tracing paper, [7]
Contour lines, [37]
Contours, to plot, [90]
Conventional colours, Table of, [44]
Copying by tracing, [128]
—— by transfer, [129]
—— drawings, [11], [126]
—— from tracing, [11]
Corners and borders, [69]
Cross sections, [98], [102]
Cultivated land, to represent, [32]
Curvature and refraction, Table for correction of, [143]
Curved lines, [29]
—— ——, to draw, [29]
Cutting off drawings, [7], [11], [12]
Cylinders, various methods of shading, [64]
Cylindrical objects, to colour, [124]
—— surfaces, shade lines, [50]
—— ——, shading lines, [51]
Cyma recta, to draw, [25]
—— reversa, to draw, [25]
D.
Dented drawing-board, to remedy, [14]
Detail plotting, [89]
Dimensions of drawing table, [2]
—— to be written on drawings, [122]
Distances, scales of, [70]
Dividing a line into equal parts, [10]
Dotted lines, [31]
Dotting pen, [31]
——, regular, to produce, [111]
Drawing, copying and reducing, [126]
——, inking in to commence from top of, [10]
——, stretching paper for, [6]
Drawing concentric circles, [10]
—— from copy, [127]
—— lines, [10]
Drawing board, dented, to remedy, [14]
—— office, essentials of, [1]
—— ——, gaslights, [2]
—— ——, position of windows, [1]
—— ——, skylights unsuitable, [1]
—— paper, sectional, [8]
—— ——, to join sheets of, [12]
—— papers, [5]
—— ——, sizes of, [5]
—— pen, [3]
—— ——, cleaning, [3]
—— ——, more than one required, [3]
—— ——, setting, [3]
—— ——, supplying with ink, [3]
—— table, dimensions of, [2]
—— ——, position of, [2]
Drawings, cleaning off, [9]
——, competition, paper for, [6]
——, colouring, [11]
——, cutting off, [7], [11], [12]
——, ink for, [8]
——, margin to be left, [11]
——, mechanical and architectural, [121]
——, parchment for, [8]
——, to colour, [122]
——, to preserve rolled, [12]
——, to reduce or enlarge, [130]
——, to remove grease spots from, [10]
——, to varnish, [14]
—— for lithographers and engravers, [141]
—— for specifications for letters patent, [8]
Dusters, [2]
E.
Eidograph, [136]
——, method of setting, [139]
——, table for setting, [139]
——, to adjust, [138]
Elevation of trees, [36]
Ellipse, to draw, [21]
Elliptical arch, to construct a semi-, [23]
Encamping grounds, [112]
Engravers, drawings for, [141]
Enlarging by instruments, [131]
—— by scales, [130]
—— by squares, [130]
Equal parts, to divide a line into, [15]
Equidistant and parallel lines, to draw, [28]
Equilateral arch, to draw, [23]
—— triangle, to construct, on a given base, [16]
Erasure of ink lines, [11]
—— of pencil marks, [9]
Error-sheets, [91]
——, examples of, [92]
Errors, [91]
Essentials of drawing office, [1]
Estate plans, [107]
Examination of maps and plans, [117]
F.
Ferries, [111]
Field-book, example of, [80]
Field sketching, [114]
Fir-graining, [32]
Flat-tints, [40]
Formulæ, trigonometrical, [142]
G.
Gaslights in drawing office, [2]
Glass-paper to erase ink lines, [11]
Glue for mounting paper, [6]
Gothic cinquefoil, to draw, [26]
—— equilateral arch, to draw, [23]
—— lancet arch, to draw, [24]
—— obtuse arch, to draw, [24]
—— ogee arch, to draw, [25]
—— quatrefoil, to draw, [26]
—— trefoil, to draw, [25]
—— Tudor arch, to draw, [24]
Gradients, to lay down, [95]
Graining, fir, [32]
——, oak, [32]
——, wood, [32]
Grass-land, to represent, [34]
Gravel, to represent, [35]
Grease spot, to remove from drawing, [10]
H.
Hexagon, to describe a regular, [21]
Hills, representation of, [38]
——, sand, to represent, [36]
——, shading, horizontal system, [53]
——, ——, vertical system, [57]
——, sketching, shading, and copying, [113]
Horizontal zones, [38]
Horse-shoe arch, to draw, [24]
I.
Importance of cleanliness, [9]
Inclined measure, Table for correction of, [143]
Indian ink, [8]
—— ——, preparation of, for drawing, [9]
—— ——, quality of, [9]
Indiarubber, native or bottle, [9]
——, vulcanized, [9]
Ink for drawings, [8]
——, Indian, [8]
——, preparation of, [9]
——, quality of, [9]
—— lines, erasure of, [11]
—— ——, to avoid smearing, [10]
—— slab or saucer, position of, when in use, [10]
Inking in to commence at top of the drawing, [10]
Instruments, [2]
——, quality of, [2]
Islands, [110]
J.
Joining sheets of paper, [12], [13]
Jungle, [112]
L.
Lakes, outline of, [30]
Lancet arch, to draw, [24]
Land, cultivated, to represent, [32]
——, uncultivated, to represent, [37]
Lead-pencil marks, erasure of, [9]
Lettering, [66], [122]
——, position of, on plans and maps, [69]
Letters, arrangement of, in titles, &c., [68]
——, kinds to employ, [67]
——, mechanical construction of, [66]
——, size of, [67]
Level-book, example of, [94]
Line, dividing into equal parts, [10]
——, regular pentagon on a given, [20]
——, to bisect a given straight, [15]
——, to construct a square on a given, [19]
——, to divide a, into equal parts, [15]
——, to draw a, making a given angle, [15]
——, to erect a perpendicular to, [15]
Lines, drawing, [10]
——, broken, [30]
——, centre, [10], [122]
——, combinations of, [31]
——, curved, to draw, [29]
——, curved and straight, [27]
——, contour, [37]
——, dotted, [31]
——, ink, to avoid smearing, [10]
——, parallel and equidistant, to draw, [28]
——, reference, [78]
——, section, [29]
——, ——, to draw, [28]
——, shade, application of, [48]
——, shading, [50]
——, ——, in topographical drawings, [52]
——, straight, difficulties in ruling, [27]
——, ——, to draw, [27]
——, wavy, [33]
—— of greatest descent, [57]
—— of uneven thickness, [30]
Lithographers, drawings for, [141]
Local Government Board, regulations of, [104]
M.
Machine-made paper, [6]
Machinery, rough sketches of, [121]
Manner of using compasses, [2]
Map drawing, [109]
Maps, boundary, [104]
——, field, examination of, [118]
——, signs used in, [120]
—— for division into wards, [104]
Margin to drawings, width of, [11]
Marshy ground, to represent, [35]
Mechanical drawings, [121]
Mile stones, [112]
Mining plans, [106]
Moorish horse-shoe arch, to draw, [24]
More than one drawing pen required, [3]
Mountain passes, [111]
Mounting paper, glue for, [6]
—— —— on stretchers, [13]
—— tracings, [129]
Mud in rivers, to represent, [36]
N.
Native indiarubber, [9]
Needle to erase ink lines, [11]
North points, [69]
Northings and southings, [87]
O.
Oak-graining, [32]
Obtuse arch, to draw, [24]
Ogee arch, to draw, [25]
Orchards, to represent, [36]
Outline of lakes, [30]
—— of ponds, [30]
—— of rivers, [30]
Oval, to construct, the width being given, [18]
P.
Pantograph, [131]
——, methods of setting, [132]
——, tables for setting, [133], [134]
——, to use, [134]
Paper, blacklead, [8]
——, carbonic, [8]
——, cartridge, [6]
——, continuous cartridge, [6]
——, drawing, [5]
——, ——, to join, [12]
——, ——, sizes of, [5]
——, glue for mounting, [6]
——, machine-made, [6]
——, sectional, [8]
——, stretching for drawing, [6]
——, tracing, [7]
——, ——, continuous, [7]
——, ——, preparation of, [7]
——, ——, sizes of, [7]
——, ——, to join, [13]
——, transfer, [8]
——, ——, preparation of, [129]
——, to join sheets of, [12]
——, to mount on stretchers, [13]
—— for competition drawings, [6]
—— for large plans, [6]
Parabola, to draw, base and height being given, [21]
Parallel and equidistant lines, to draw, [28]
Parchment for drawings, [8]
Parliamentary plans and sections, [100]
—— standing orders, [98]
Paste, [14]
Patent, drawings for specifications, [8]
Pathways, [111]
Pen, dotting or wheel, [31]
Pencil marks, erasure of, [9]
—— leg of compasses, [2]
Pencils, [4]
——, pointing, [4]
—— for field sketching, [115]
Pentagon, to describe, on a given line, [20]
Perpendicular, to erect a, [15]
Plan of trees, [36]
Plans, civil engineers’ and surveyors’, [96]
——, estate and town, [107]
——, large, paper for, [6]
——, mining, [106]
——, railway, [97]
——, parliamentary, [100]
Plotting, [77]
—— angular surveys, [81]
—— contours, [90]
—— detail, [89]
—— sounded points in submerged districts, [90]
—— traverse reference lines, [84]
—— vertical sections, [92]
Pointing pencils, [4]
Points of compasses, [2]
Ponds, outline of, [30]
Position of drawing table, [2]
—— of ink slab or saucer when in use, [10]
—— of windows in drawing office, [1]
Precautions to be taken to ensure cleanliness, [9]
Preparation of colours for tinting, [40]
—— of ink for drawing, [9]
—— of stretchers, [13]
—— of tracing paper, [7]
—— of transfer paper, [129]
Preserving drawings, rolled, [12]
Q.
Quality of Indian ink, [9]
—— of instruments, [2]
Quatrefoil, Gothic, to draw, [26]
R.
Radii of circle, to draw, the centre being inaccessible, [18]
Railway plans, [97]
—— sections, [102]
—— stations and termini, [112]
Railways, [112]
Rectangle, to construct, similar to a given rectangle, [20]
Rectangular co-ordinates, to plot by, [87]
Reducing and enlarging drawings, [126], [130]
—— by instruments, [131]
—— by scales, [130]
—— by squares, [130]
Reference, book of, [97], [101]
—— lines and points, [78]
—— lines, secondary, [79]
Refraction and curvature, Table for correction of, [143]
Regulations of Local Government Board, [104]
Removing movable leg of compasses, [2]
Rivers, beds of, [110]
——, mud in, to represent, [36]
——, outline of, [30]
—— and streams, colouring, [110]
—— ——, inking in, [109]
Roads, [111]
Rolled drawings, to preserve, [12]
Roman cyma recta and cyma reversa, to draw, [25]
Roofs, to draw, [30]
Rough sketches of machinery, [121]
Ruling straight lines, difficulties in, [27]
Running water, to represent, [33]
S.
Sager’s vellum tracing cloth, [7]
Sand, to represent, [35]
—— banks, [110]
—— hills, to represent, [36]
Scales, [70]
——, choice of, [72]
——, construction of, [11], [70], [75], [76]
——, diagonal, [75]
——, vernier, [75]
——, Tables of, [73], [74]
—— of construction, [74]
—— of distances, [70]
—— of shade, English, [59]
—— ——, Lehmann’s, [57]
—— ——, standard, [53]
—— ——, United States’, [59]
Sectional drawing paper, [8]
Section lines, [29]
—— of water, to represent, [30]
Sections, colours for, [44]
——, cross, [98], [102]
——, parliamentary, [101]
——, railway, [102]
——, to plot, from contour map, [96]
——, working, [94], [103]
—— of wood, [32]
——, vertical, to plot, [92]
Semi-elliptical arch, to construct, [23]
Setting drawing pen, [3]
Shade lines, application of, [48]
—— ——, cylindrical surfaces, [50]
Shading, [48]
—— cylinders, various methods, [64]
—— hills, horizontal system, [53]
—— ——, vertical system, [57]
—— ——, rounding curves, [55]
—— lines, [50]
—— ——, cylindrical surfaces, [51]
—— —— in topographical drawings, [52]
—— in colours, [63]
—— ——, cylindrical surfaces, [64]
—— ——, hill slopes, [63]
Sides of triangles, to compute, [142]
Sizes of drawing papers, [5]
—— of tracing cloth, [7]
—— of tracing paper, [7]
Sketches, rough, of machinery, [121]
Sketching, field, [114]
Skylights unsuitable for drawing office, [1]
Sounded points, to plot, [90]
Specifications for letters patent, drawings for, [8]
Spring bows, [2]
Springs, [112]
Square, to construct, equal to ¹⁄₂, ¹⁄₄, &c., of a given square, [19]
——, to construct, in any proportion to a given square, [20]
——, to construct, on a given line, [19]
——, to construct, which shall be a multiple of a given square, [19]
Standing orders of Parliament, [98]
—— water, to represent, [29]
Stations, railway, [112]
——, telegraph, [112]
Straight-edge, thickness of, [5]
Straight line, to bisect a, [15]
—— lines, difficulties in ruling, [27]
—— ——, to draw, [27]
—— and curved lines, [27]
Stretchers, mounting paper on, [13]
——, preparation of, [13]
Stretching paper for drawing, [6]
—— ——, glue for, [6]
Supplying drawing pen with ink, [3]
Surveyors’ plans, [96]
Swamps, to represent, [35]
T.
Table, drawing, position of, [1]
——, ——, size of, [1]
Table for correction of curvature and refraction, [143]
—— for correction of inclined measure, [143]
—— for setting eidograph, [139]
—— of conventional colours, [44]
Tables for setting pantograph, [133], [134]
Tangent, to draw, to a circle, [17]
Telegraph lines and stations, [112]
Thickness of straight-edge, [5]
Tinting, [39]
Tints, art of applying, [40], [41], [43]
——, brushes for applying, [41]
——, double or alternate, [42]
——, flat, [40]
——, preparation of, [40]
Toll-gates, [111]
Topographical drawings, shading lines in, [52]
To remove grease spots from drawings, [10]
Town plans, [107]
Towns, to represent size of, [112]
Tracing, copying from, [11]
——, to copy by, [128]
—— cloth, [7]
—— ——, Sager’s vellum, [7]
—— ——, sizes of, [7]
—-— paper, [7]
—— ——, continuous, [7]
—— ——, preparation of, [7]
—— ——, sizes of, [7]
—— ——, to join sheets of, [13]
Tracings, to mount, [129]
Transfer paper, [8]
—— ——, preparation of, [129]
Transferring, to copy by, [129]
Traverse plotting by rectangular co-ordinates, [87]
—— reference lines, to plot, [84]
Trees in plan, [36]
—— in elevation, [36]
——, to represent, [36]
Trefoil, Gothic, to draw, [25]
Triangle, equilateral, to construct, [16]
——, to construct, the length of base and angles at base being given, [17]
——, to construct, the lengths of the sides being given, [16]
Triangles, primary and secondary, [78]
——, to compute the areas of, [142]
——, to compute the sides of, [142]
Trigonometrical formulæ, [142]
Tudor arch, to draw, [24]
U.
Uncultivated land, to represent, [37]
V.
Varnishing drawings, [14]
Vellum tracing cloth, Sager’s, [7]
Vertical sections, to plot, [92]
Villages, to represent size of, [112]
Vulcanized indiarubber, [9]
W.
Washes, art of applying, [40], [41], [43]
——, brushes for, [41]
——, double or alternate, [42]
Water, running, to represent, [33]
——, standing, to represent, [29], [33]
—— in section, to represent, [30]
Wavy lines, [33]
Wells, [112]
Whatman’s drawing papers, [6]
Wheel pen, [31]
Width of margin to drawings, [11]
Windows, position of, in drawing office, [1]
Wood-graining, [32]
Wood sections, [32]
Woodland, to represent, [36]
Working sections, [103]
Z.
Zones, horizontal, [38]

THE END.

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.