International Law

by George Grafton Wilson; George Fox Tucker

September, 1901.

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CONTENTS

	PAGE
[Bibliography]	xix
[Abbreviation of Cases Cited]	xxi
[Table of Cases Cited]	xxiii
[PART I] GENERAL AND HISTORICAL
[CHAPTER I]
Definition and General Scope	3
[1. Definition.] (a) Philosophical: what ought to be. (b) Scientific: what is. [2. Divisions.] (a) Public. (b) Private. [3. Scope.]
[CHAPTER II]
Nature	6
[4. Early Terminology.] (a) Jus naturale. (b) Jus gentium. (c) Other terms. [5. Historical Bases.] [6. Ethical Bases.] [7. Jural Bases.] (a) Roman law. (b) Canon law. (c) Common law. (d) Equity. (e) Admiralty law. [8. International Law and Statute Law.] [9. How far is International Law entitled to be called Law?]
[CHAPTER III]
Historical Development	12
[10. Early Period.] (a) Greece. (b) Rome. [11. Middle Period.] (a) Roman Empire. (b) The Church. (c) Feudalism. (d) Crusades. (e) Chivalry. (f) Commerce and Sea Laws. (g) Consulates. (h) Discovery of America. (i) Conclusion. [12. Modern Period from 1648.] (a) 1648-1713. (b) 1713-1815. (c) 1815- . [13. Writers.]
[CHAPTER IV]
Sources	29
[14. Practice and Usage.] [15. Precedent and Decisions.] (a) Prize and Admiralty Courts. (b) Domestic Courts. (c) Courts of Arbitration. [16. Treaties and State Papers.] [17. Text Writers.] [18. Diplomatic Papers.]
[PART II] PERSONS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
[CHAPTER V]
States	39
[19. Definition.] (a) Political. (b) Sovereign. [20. Nature.] (a) Moral. (b) Physical. (c) Communal. (d) External conditions. [21. Recognition of New States.] (a) De facto existence. (b) Circumstances of recognition. (1) By division. (2) By union. (3) By admission of old states. (4) By admission of former barbarous communities. (5) Individual and collective recognition. (c) Act of recognition. (d) Premature recognition. (e) Conditions. (f) Recognition irrevocable. (g) Consequences. (1) The Recognizing state. (2) The Recognized state. (3) The Parent state. (4) Other States.
[CHAPTER VI]
Legal Persons having Qualified Status	50
[22. Members of Confederations and Other Unions.] [23. Neutralized States.] [24. Protectorates, Suzerainties.] [25. Corporations.] (a) Private. (b) Exercising political powers. [26. Individuals.] [27. Insurgents.] (a) Definition. (b) Effect of admission of insurgency. [28. Belligerents.] (a) Definition. (b) Conditions prior to recognition. (c) Grounds of recognition. (d) Who may recognize. (e) Consequences. (1) Recognition by a foreign state. (2) Recognition by the parent state. [29. Communities not fully Civilized.]
[PART III] INTERNATIONAL LAW OF PEACE
[CHAPTER VII]
General Rights and Obligations of States	67
[30. Existence.] [31. Independence.] [32. Equality.] [33. Jurisdiction.] [34. Property.] [35. Intercourse.]
[CHAPTER VIII]
Existence	71
[36. Application of the Right in General.] [37. Extension of the Right to Subjects of the State.]
[CHAPTER IX]
Independence	74
[38. Manner of Exercise.] [39. Balance of Power.] [40. Monroe Doctrine.] [41. Non-intervention.] [42. Practice in Regard to Intervention.] (a) For self-preservation. (b) To prevent illegal acts. (c) By general sanction. (d) Other grounds. (1) Treaty stipulations. (2) Balance of power. (3) Humanity. (4) Civil war. (5) Financial. (e) Conclusion.
[CHAPTER X]
Equality	88
[43. Equality in General.] [44. Inequalities among States.] (a) Court precedence. (b) Matters of ceremonial. (c) Weight of influence in affairs.
[CHAPTER XI]
Jurisdiction	94
[45. Jurisdiction in General.] [46. Territorial Domain and Jurisdiction.] [47. Method of Acquisition.] (a) Discovery. (b) Occupation. (c) Conquest. (d) Cession. (1) Transfer by gift. (2) Transfer by exchange. (3) Transfer by sale. (4) Cession of jurisdiction. (e) Prescription. (f) Accretion. [48. Qualified Jurisdiction.] (a) Protectorates. (b) Sphere of influence. [49. Maritime and Fluvial Jurisdiction.] [50. Rivers.] (a) Which traverse only one state. (b) Flowing through two or more states. (c) Under jurisdiction of two states. [51. The Navigation of Rivers.] [52. Enclosed Waters.] (a) Wholly enclosed. (b) Gulfs, bays, estuaries. (c) Straits: Danish Sounds, Dardanelles. (d) Canals: Suez, Panama, Nicaraguan, Corinth, Kiel. [53. The Three-mile Limit.] [54. Fisheries.] (a) Deep sea. (b) Canadian. (c) Bering Sea. [55. Vessels.] (a) Classes. (1) Public. (2) Private. (b) Nationality. (c) Jurisdiction. (1) Public. (2) Private. (3) Semi-public. [56. Personal, General—Nationality.] [57. Natural-born Subjects.] [58. Foreign-born Subjects.] [59. Acquired Nationality.] (a) By marriage. (b) By naturalization. (c) By annexation of territory. (d) Effect of naturalization. (e) Incomplete naturalization. [60. Jurisdiction over Aliens.] (a) Over subjects abroad. (1) Emigration laws. (2) Recall of citizens. (3) Penal jurisdiction. (4) Protection of subjects. (b) Over aliens within territory. (1) Exclusion. (2) Expulsion. (3) Conditional admission. (4) Settlement. (5) Taxes. (6) Sanitary and police jurisdiction. (7) Penal jurisdiction. (8) Maintenance of public order. (9) Military service. (10) Freedom of commerce. (11) Holding property. (12) Freedom of speech and worship. (c) Passports. [61. Exemptions from Jurisdiction—General.] [62. Sovereigns.] [63. State Officers.] (a) Diplomatic agents. (b) Consuls. (c) Army. (d) Navy. [64. Special Exemptions.] (a) In Oriental countries. (1) Penal matters. (2) Civil matters. (b) In Egypt. [65. Extradition.] (a) Persons liable. (b) Limitations. (c) Conditions. (d) Procedure. [66. Servitudes.] (a) International. (b) General.
[CHAPTER XII]
Property	148
[67. Property in General.] [68. State Property in International Law.]
[CHAPTER XIII]
Diplomacy and International Relations in Times of Peace	150
[69. General Development.] [70. Diplomatic Agents.] (a) Historical. (b) Rank. (1) Diplomatic agents of first class. (2) Envoys extraordinary. (3) Ministers resident. (4) Chargés d'affaires. [71. Suite.] (a) Official. (b) Non-official. [72. Who may send Diplomatic Agents.] [73. Who may be sent.] [74. Credentials.] [75. Ceremonial.] (a) General. (b) Reception. (c) Precedence and places of honor. (d) Prerogatives. [76. Functions.] (a) Internal business. (b) Conduct of negotiations. (c) Relation to fellow-citizens. (d) Reports to home government. [77. Termination of Mission.] (a) Through death of agent. (b) In ordinary manner. (c) Under strained relations. (d) Ceremonial of departure. [78. Immunities and Privileges.] (a) Inviolability. (b) Exterritoriality and exemptions. (1) Criminal jurisdiction. (2) Civil jurisdiction. (3) Family and suite. (4) House of ambassador. (5) Asylum. (6) Taxation. (7) Religious worship. [79. Diplomatic Practice of the United States.] [80. Consuls.] (a) Historical. (b) Grades. (c) Nomination and reception. (d) Functions. (e) Special powers in Eastern states. (f) Privileges and immunities. (g) Termination of consular office.
[CHAPTER XIV]
Treaties	198
[81. Definition.] [82. Other Forms of International Agreements.] (a) Protocol. (b) Declarations. (c) Memoranda. (d) Letters, notes. (e) Sponsions. (f) Cartels. [83. The Negotiation of Treaties.] (a) The agreement. (b) The draft. (c) Signs and seals. (d) Ratification. [84. The Validity of Treaties.] (a) International capacity. (b) Due authorization. (c) Freedom of consent. (d) Conformity to law. [85. The Classification of Treaties.] [86. The Interpretation of Treaties.] [87. The Termination of Treaties.]
[CHAPTER XV]
Amicable Settlement of Disputes and Non-hostile Redress	217
[88. The Amicable Settlement of Disputes.] (a) Diplomatic negotiation. (b) Good offices. (c) Conferences and congresses. (d) Arbitration. [89. Non-hostile Redress.] [90. Retorsion.] [91. Reprisals.] [92. Embargo.] [93. Pacific Blockade.]
[PART IV] INTERNATIONAL LAW OF WAR
[CHAPTER XVI]
War	229
[94. Definition.] [95. Commencement.] [96. Declaration.] [97. Object.] [98. General Effects.]
[CHAPTER XVII]
Status of Persons in War	235
[99. Persons affected by War.] [100. Combatants.] [101. Non-combatants.]
[CHAPTER XVIII]
Status of Property on Land	239
[102. Public Property of the Enemy.] [103. Real Property of Enemy Subjects.] [104. Personal Property of Enemy Subjects.]
[CHAPTER XIX]
Status of Property at Sea	245
[105. Vessels.] (a) Public vessels. (b) Private vessels. [106. Goods.] [107. Submarine Telegraphic Cables.]
[CHAPTER XX]
Conduct of Hostilities	250
[108. Belligerent Occupation.] [109. Forbidden Methods.] [110. Privateers.] [111. Volunteer and Auxiliary Navy.] [112. Capture and Ransom.] [113. Postliminium.] [114. Prisoners and their Treatment.] (a) Quarter and retaliation. (b) Employment. (c) Exchange. (d) Parole. (e) Sick and wounded. [115. Non-hostile Relations of Belligerents.] (a) Flag of truce. (b) Cartels. (c) Passports, safe-conducts, safeguards. (d) License to trade. (e) Suspension of hostilities, truce, armistice. (f) Capitulation.
[CHAPTER XXI]
Termination of War	270
[116. Methods of Termination.] [117. By Conquest.] [118. By Cessation of Hostilities.] [119. By a Treaty of Peace.]
[PART V] INTERNATIONAL LAW OF NEUTRALITY
[CHAPTER XXII]
Definition and History	277
[120. Definition.] [121. Forms of Neutrality and of Neutralization.] [122. History.] [123. Declaration.] [124. Divisions.]
[CHAPTER XXIII]
Relations of Neutral States and Belligerent States	285
[125. General Principles of the Relations between States.] [126. Neutral Territorial Jurisdiction.] [127. Regulation of Neutral Relations.] (a) To belligerent troops. (b) Asylum for vessels. (c) Ordinary entry. (d) Sojourn of vessels. [128. No Direct Assistance by Neutral.] (a) Military. (b) Supplies. (c) Loans. (d) Enlistment. [129. Positive Obligations of a Neutral State.]
[CHAPTER XXIV]
Neutral Relations between States and Individuals	298
[130. Ordinary Commerce.] (a) Destination. (b) Ownership of goods. (c) Nationality of vessel. (d) Declaration of Paris. [131. Contraband.] [132. Penalty for Carrying Contraband.] [133. Unneutral Service.] [134. Visit and Search.] (a) Right. (b) Object. (c) Method. (d) Ship's papers. (e) Grounds of seizure. (f) Seizure. [135. Convoy.] [136. Blockade.] (a) Historical. (b) Conditions of existence. (c) A war measure. (d) Who can declare. (e) Notification. (f) Must be effective. (g) Cessation. [137. Violation of Blockade.] [138. Continuous Voyages.] [139. Prize and Prize Courts.]
[Appendices]	331
[Index]	447

• [1. Definition.]
  • (a) Philosophical: what ought to be.
  • (b) Scientific: what is.
• [2. Divisions.]
  • (a) Public.
  • (b) Private.
• [3. Scope.]

• [4. Early Terminology.]
  • (a) Jus naturale.
  • (b) Jus gentium.
  • (c) Other terms.
• [5. Historical Bases.]
• [6. Ethical Bases.]
• [7. Jural Bases.]
  • (a) Roman law.
  • (b) Canon law.
  • (c) Common law.
  • (d) Equity.
  • (e) Admiralty law.
• [8. International Law and Statute Law.]
• [9. How far is International Law entitled to be called Law?]

• [10. Early Period.]
  • (a) Greece.
  • (b) Rome.
• [11. Middle Period.]
  • (a) Roman Empire.
  • (b) The Church.
  • (c) Feudalism.
  • (d) Crusades.
  • (e) Chivalry.
  • (f) Commerce and Sea Laws.
  • (g) Consulates.
  • (h) Discovery of America.
  • (i) Conclusion.
• [12. Modern Period from 1648.]
  • (a) 1648-1713.
  • (b) 1713-1815.
  • (c) 1815- .
• [13. Writers.]

• [14. Practice and Usage.]
• [15. Precedent and Decisions.]
  • (a) Prize and Admiralty Courts.
  • (b) Domestic Courts.
  • (c) Courts of Arbitration.
• [16. Treaties and State Papers.]
• [17. Text Writers.]
• [18. Diplomatic Papers.]

• [19. Definition.]
  • (a) Political.
  • (b) Sovereign.
• [20. Nature.]
  • (a) Moral.
  • (b) Physical.
  • (c) Communal.
  • (d) External conditions.
• [21. Recognition of New States.]
  • (a) De facto existence.
  • (b) Circumstances of recognition.
    • (1) By division.
    • (2) By union.
    • (3) By admission of old states.
    • (4) By admission of former barbarous communities.
    • (5) Individual and collective recognition.
  • (c) Act of recognition.
  • (d) Premature recognition.
  • (e) Conditions.
  • (f) Recognition irrevocable.
  • (g) Consequences.
    • (1) The Recognizing state.
    • (2) The Recognized state.
    • (3) The Parent state.
    • (4) Other States.

• [22. Members of Confederations and Other Unions.]
• [23. Neutralized States.]
• [24. Protectorates, Suzerainties.]
• [25. Corporations.]
  • (a) Private.
  • (b) Exercising political powers.
• [26. Individuals.]
• [27. Insurgents.]
  • (a) Definition.
  • (b) Effect of admission of insurgency.
• [28. Belligerents.]
  • (a) Definition.
  • (b) Conditions prior to recognition.
  • (c) Grounds of recognition.
  • (d) Who may recognize.
  • (e) Consequences.
    • (1) Recognition by a foreign state.
    • (2) Recognition by the parent state.
• [29. Communities not fully Civilized.]