Φίλον, πρώτον, see [Amabile primum].
[Philosophers], ancient, common claim to universal knowledge, iii. [219];
charged with pride, i. [153 n.];
secession from Athens, [111 n.];
contrast of philosopher with practical men, ii. [52], [145 n.], iii. [183], [274], iv. [51-4];
uselessness in practical life due to not being called in by citizens, [54];
disparagement of half-philosophers, half-politicians, ii. [224];
forced seclusion of, iv. [59];
require a community suitable, [ib.];
philosophical aptitude perverted under misguiding public opinion, [54];
model city practicable if philosophy and political power united, [47];
divine men, iii. [187];
the fully qualified practitioner, ii. [114], [116], [119];
not wise, yet painfully feeling ignorance, [181];
value set by Sokrates and Plato on this attribute, [190];
dissenters, upheld, [375];
life, a struggle between soul and body, [386];
ascetic life, [388], i. [158];
exempted from metempsychosis, ii. [387], [416], [425];
rewarded in Hades — mythe in Gorgias, [361];
stages of intellectual development, [391];
value of exposition, [398];
Eros the stimulus to improving philosophical communion, iii. [4], [6];
Sokrates as representative of Eros Philosophus, [15], [25];
distinguished from ἰδιώτης, iv. [104 n.];
not distinguishable from sophists, ii. [210], [211 n.];
alone can teach, iii. [37], [40];
as expositors, teach minds unoccupied, as rhetoricians, minds pre-occupied, [39];
realisable only under hypothesis of pre-existence and reminiscence, [52];
alone grasp Ideas in reasoning, [290 n.];
test of, the synoptic view, iv. [76];
compared with rhetors, iii. [178];
masters of debates, [179];
determine what forms admit of intercommunion, [208];
live in region of ens, [ ib.];
contemplate unchangeable forms, iv. [48];
distinction of ordinary men and, illustrated by simile of Cave, [ 67-70];
distinctive marks of, [51];
no object in nature mean to, iii. [61].
[Philosophia prima] of Aristotle, i. [358 n.], iii. [230 n.], [382].
[Philosophy], is reasoned truth, i. [vii-x];
Ferrier on scope and purpose of, [viii n.];
necessarily polemical, [viii];
modern idea of, includes authoritative teaching, positive results, direct proofs, [366];
usually positive systems advocated, iii. [70];
difference of ancient and modern problems, [52];
chief point of divergence of modern schools, ii. [409 n.];
its beginning, i. [375 n.], [382], ii. [404], [407 n.];
free judgment the first condition for, i. [382], [395 n.], ii. [368], iii. [152 n.];
negative vein as necessary as affirmative for, i. [130];
preponderated in Plato’s age, [123];
early appearance of a few free thinkers in Greece, [384];
brought down from heaven by Sokrates, [x];
Greek, in its purity, [xiv];
Greek, characterised by multiplicity of individual authorities, [84], [90], [340 n.];
advantages, [90];
contrasted with uniform tradition of Jews and Christians, [384 n.];
early Christian view of, affected by Hebrew studies, [xv n.];
polytheism the first form of, [2];
Aristotle contrasts “human wisdom” with primitive theology, [3 n.];
Indian, [378 n.];
compared with Pre-Sokratic, [107];
analogy of Greek with Indian, [160 n.], [162];
difficulties of early, iii. [184 n.];
opposition from prevalent views of Nature, &c., i. [86];
common repugnance to its rationalistic element, [3], [ 59-60], [261 n.], [279 n.], [387 n.], [388], [437], [441], iv. [57];
encyclopædic character of Greek, iii. [219];
new epoch, by Plato’s establishment of a school, i. [266];
its march up to or down from principia, [403];
the protracted study necessary, an advantage, [ ib.];
definition first sought for in Erastæ, ii. [117];
the perpetual accumulation of knowledge, [112];
a province by itself, [119];
the supreme art, [120];
to be studied by itself exclusively, [229];
claim of locus standi for, [367];
relation to politics, [224], [227], [229], [230 n.];
comparative value of, and of practical ([q.v.]) life, [365 n.], [368 n.], [ib.], iii. [182], i. [204];
antithesis of rhetoric and, ii. [365];
issue unsatisfactorily put by Plato, [369];
ancient quarrel between poetry and, iv. [93], [152], [309];
Aristotle on blending mythe with, [255 n.];
gives a partial emancipation of soul, ii. [386];
analogy of Eros to, iii. [10], [11], [14];
Eros the stimulus to, [18];
different view, Phædon, Theætêtus, Sophistês, Republic, [ib.];
antithesis of emotion and science, [61];
ideas exist or philosophy impossible, [68];
should be confined to discussion among select minds, i. [351];
should not be taught at a very early age, iv. [60], [76];
studies introductory to, [ 70-75];
difference in Leges, [275 n.];
Plato’s remarks on effect of, [207];
Republic contradicts other dialogues, [ 207-11];
Plato more a preacher than philosopher in Republic, [129], [131];
difference between theorist and preceptor, [ ib.];
Plato’s altered tone in regard to, in later life, [273].
[Philosophy, Pre-Sokratic], i. [ 1-83];
value, [xiv];
form compared with the Indian, [107];
studied in the third and second centuries B. C. , [92];
importance of Aristotle’s information about, [85];
Plato’s criticism on, [87 n.];
relation of early schemes, [86];
Aristotle’s relation to, [85];
abstractions of Plato and Aristotle compared with Ionians, [87];
Timæus resembled Ionic philosophy, [88 n.];
theories in circulation in Platonic period, [91];
Ionians attended to material cause only, [88];
defect of Ionic principles, [89];
little or no dialectic in earliest theorists, [93];
physics discredited by growth of dialectic, [91];
new characteristic with Zeno and Gorgias, [105].
[Phlogiston] theory, ii. [164 n.]
Φρόνησις, ii. [120 n.], iii. [301 n.], [370 n.]
Φθόνος, meaning, iii. [356 n.]
Φύσις, of Demokritus, i. [70 n.];
in sense of γένεσις, denied by Empedokles, [38 n.];
φύσει and κατὰ φύσιν, iii. [294 n.], iv. [310 n.];
see [Nature].
[Physics], transcendentalism in modern, i. [400 n.];
creation out of nothing, denied by all ancient physical philosophers, [52];
aversion to studying, on ground of impiety, iv. [219 n.], [397 n.];
Thales, i. [4];
Anaximander, [4-7];
Anaximenes, [7];
Pythagorean, [12];
Xenophanes, [18];
Parmenides, [24], [90 n.];
his phenomena the object of modern, [23 n.];
and ontology, radically distinct points of view, [ ib.];
reconciliation of ontology with, attempted unsuccessfully after Parmenides, [ ib.];
Herakleitus, [27], [32];
Empedokles, [38];
attraction and repulsion illustrate his love and enmity, [40 n.];
Anaxagoras, [49], [57];
denied simple bodies, [52 n.];
atomic doctrine, [65], [67];
early, discredited by growth of dialectic, [91];
retrograded in Plato and Aristotle, [88 n.];
theories in circulation in Platonic period, [91];
Eudoxus, [255 n.];
early study of Sokrates, ii. [391];
Sokrates avoided, i. [376];
Cynics’ contempt for, [151];
and Aristippus’, [192];
see [Kosmos].