[Physiology], of Empedokles, i. [43];
Theophrastus, [46 n.];
Anaxagoras, [58];
Diogenes of Apollonia, [60 n.], [62];
Demokritus, [76];
of Timæus subordinated to ethical teleology, iv. [256];
of Plato, see [Body];
compared with Aristotle and Hippokrates, [260].
[Plants] for man’s nutrition, iv. [248];
soul of, [ ib.]
Platæa, iii. [406].
[Plato], life, little known, i. [246];
birth, parentage, and education, [247], [306 n.];
early relations with Sokrates, [248];
service as a citizen and soldier, [249];
political life, [251];
political changes in Greece during life, [1];
travels alter death of Sokrates, [253];
permanently established at Athens, [254];
teaches at the Academy, [ib.];
received presents, not fees, iii. [218 n.];
his pupils, numerous, wealthy, and from different cities, i. [255];
many subsequently politicians, [261 n.];
Eudoxus, [255];
Aristotle, [260];
Demosthenes, [261 n.];
visits the younger Dionysius, [258], [351], [194 n.];
relations with Dionysius, [255];
disappointments, [280];
varying relations with Isokrates, ii. [331 n.], iii. [35];
his jealousy and love of supremacy, i. [117 n.], [153 n.];
alleged ill-nature, [117 n.];
antipathy to Antisthenes, [151], [152 n.], [165];
alleged enmity between Xenophon and, iii. [22 n.], iv. [146 n.], [312 n.];
rivalry with Lysias, iii. [408], [410 n.], [411 n.];
death, i. [200];
Plato and Aristotle represent pure Hellenic philosophy, [xiv];
St. Jerome on, [xv];
criticism on early Greek philosophy, [87 n.];
relation to predecessors, [91];
theories in circulation in his time, [ib.];
Parmenidês and Pythagoras supplied basis for, [89];
relation to Sokrates, [344 n.], ii. [303];
Pythagoreanism, i. [10 n.], [15 n.], [87], [344 n.], [346 n.], [347], [349 n.], ii. [426 n.], iii. [368], iv. [424 n.];
Herakleitus, i. [27], ii. [30];
Demokritus, i. [66 n.], [82 n.], iv. [355 n.];
abstractions of Plato and Aristotle compared with Ionic philosophy, i. [87];
physics retrograded with, [88 n.];
analogy to Indian philosophy, ii. [389 n.];
resemblance to Hebrew writers, iv. [157 n.], [256];
little known of him from his Dialogues, i. [260], [339];
personality only in his Epistles, [349];
valuable illustrations of his character from Epistles, [339 n.];
his school fixed at Athens and transmitted to successors, [265];
scarcely known to us in his function of a lecturer and president of a school, [346];
lectures at the Academy, never published, [360];
miscellaneous character of audience, effect, [348];
lectures, [347];
De Bono, [ib.], [349];
on principles of geometry, [349 n.];
circumstances of his intellectual and philosophical development little known, [323 n.];
did not write till after death of Sokrates, [326], [334], [443 n.];
proofs, [ 327-334];
variety, [339], [342], [344], ii. [155 n.], iii. [26 n.], [54], [179 n.], [259], [265 n.], [400], [420];
style, i. [405];
prolixity, ii. [100 n.], [276], iii. [259], [369 n.], iv. [325 n.];
poetical vein predominant in some works, i. [343], iv. [153 n.];
mixture of poetical fancy and religious mysticism with dialectic theory, iii. [16];
comic vein, [410 n.];
builds on metaphor, i. [353 n.], iii. [65 n.], [351], [364];
rhetorical powers, [178 n.], [392 n.], [408], [409], [410];
irony, ii. [208];
tendency to embrace logical phantoms as real causes, [404 n.];
both sceptical and dogmatical, i. [342];
his affirmative and negative veins distinct, [399], [400 n.], [403], [420];
in old age the affirmative vein, [408];
altered tone in regard to philosophy in later life, iv. [273], [320], [379], [424], i. [244];
intolerance, [423], iii. [277], iv. [157], [159], [379], [430];
inconsistencies, i. [xiii], ii. [29], [303], [345], [416 n.], iii. [17], [172 n.], [273], [277], [332], [372], iv. [24], [219], [ 379-86], [396];
absence of system, i. [xiii], [340 n.], [344], [375];
untenable hypothesis that he communicated solutions to a few, [xi], [360], [401];
assumed impossibility of teaching by written exposition, [349], [357], ii. [56 n.];
this assumption intelligible in his day, i. [357];
a champion of the negative dialectic, [372];
devoted to philosophy, [333];
his aim, [406];
is a searcher, [375], iii. [158 n.];
search after knowledge the business of his life, i. [396];
has done more than any one else to interest others in it, [405];
anxiety to keep up research, ii. [246];
combated commonplace, i. [398 n.];
equally with Sophists, laid claim to universal knowledge, iii. [219];
anachronisms, i. [335], ii. [20 n.], iii. [411];
colours facts to serve his arguments, ii. [356 n.], [369], iii. [46], iv. [311];
probably never read Thucydides, iii. [410 n.];
acquiescence in tradition, iv. [230-3], [242 n.];
relation to popular mythology, i. [441 n.], ii. [416], iii. [265 n.], iv. [24], [155 n.], [196], [238 n.], [325], [328], [337], [398];
theory of politics to resist King Nomos, i. [393];
reverence for Egyptian regulations, iv. [266 n.];
latest opinion in Epinomis, [421 n.], [424 n.];
agreement of Leibnitz with, ii. [248 n.];
see [Canon], [Dialogue], [Epistles], &c.
[Platonists], influenced by Pythagoreans, iii. [390 n.];
pleasure a form of evil, [ib.];
erroneous identification of truth and good, [391 n.]
[Pleasurable], Beautiful a variety of, ii. [45];
inadmissible, [45-7];
and Good, as conceived by the Athenians, [371];
is it identical with good, [289].
[Pleasure], an equivoque, iii. [377 n.];
meaning as the summum bonum, [338];
Plato’s various doctrines compared, [385 n.];
is the good, ii. [292], [305], [347 n.];
agreement with Aristippus, i. [ 199-201];
right comparison of pains and, necessary, ii. [293];
virtue a right comparison of pain and, ib., [305];
ignorance, not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing, [294];
actions conducive to, are honourable, [295];
Sokrates’ reasoning, [307];
not ironical, [314];
not Utilitarianism, [310 n.];
theory more distinct than any in other dialogues, [308], [347];
but too narrow and exclusively prudential, [309];
compared with Gorgias, [306 n.], 345-6;
Republic, [210], [350 n.];
not identical with Good, [345], iii. [380 n.], iv. [62];
Sokrates’ argument untenable, ii. [351];
its elements depreciated, [355];
arts of flattery aiming at immediate, [357];
Expert required to discriminate, [345], [347];
science of measure necessary to estimate pleasures, [357 n.], iii. [357], [369 n.], [376 n.], [391], iv. [301];
is it good, iii. [335], [337];
pleasures unlike each other, [336], [396];
is good intense pleasure without any intelligence, [338];
life without pain or pleasure conceivable, at least second-best, [349], [372];
less cognate than intelligence to good, [339], [347], [361];
not identical with ἀλυπία, [338 n.], [353], [377];
is of the infinite, [347];
is the indeterminate, [348];
pre-supposes pain, [349], [389 n.];
except in the derivative pleasures of memory and expectation, [349];
is the restoration of the system’s harmony, [348];
antithesis of body and mind in desire, no true pleasure, [350];
true, attached to true opinion, [351];
same principle of classification applied to cognitions as to, [382];
can they be true or false, [351], [352], [385], [380 n.], [382];
false, are pleasures falsely estimated, [352], [384];
theory of pleasure-haters, partly true, [354];
intense, not compatible with cognition, [363];
Aristotle on, [376 n.];
same view enforced by Hedonists, [378], [387 n.];
intense, connected with bodily or mental distemper, [356], [391];
but more pleasure in health, [356];
feelings excited by drama, φθόνος, [355 n.];
true, of beautiful colours, odours, sounds, acquisition of knowledge, [356];
of geometry, painless, ib., [387 n.];
of intelligence more valuable than of sense, [375 n.], [386 n.], iv. [85], [89], [118];
analogy of cognition and, iii. [360];
true, admit of measure, [357], [369 n.];
is generation, therefore, not an end, nor the good, [357];
Aristippus and Aristotle on, [378 n.];
is an end, and cannot be compared with intelligence, a means, [373], [377 n.];
good a mixture of pleasure and cognition, [361];
only true, pure, and necessary pleasures included in good, [362];
gods and kosmos free from pleasure and pain, [389];
intelligence postulated by the Hedonists, [374];
Plato argues on Hedonistic basis by comparing, [375];
both ἀλυπία and pleasure included in Hedonists’ end, [377];
Sokrates differs little from pleasure-haters, [389];
doctrine not defensible against pleasure-haters, [387], [390 n.];
of intelligence, the best, and alone pure, iv. [85], [89];
of φιλομάθεια superior to φιλοκέρδεια and φιλοτιμία, [85], [89], [118];
neutral condition of mind intermediate between pain and pleasure, [86];
pure pleasure, unknown to most men, [87];
more from replenishment of mind than of body, [88];
citizens should be tested against, [285];
Sokrates the ideal of self-command as to, [288];
good identical with maximum of, and minimum of pain, [ 292-7], [299], [303];
at least an useful fiction, [ ib.];
a form of evil, Platonists’ doctrine, iii. [390 n.];
Speusippus on, [386 n.], [390 n.];
Kyrenaic theory, i. [196];
Antisthenes, iii. [390 n.];
Cynics’ contempt for, i. [154];
Aristotle, iii. [386 n.];
Epikurus, ii. [355 n.], iii. [387 n.];
Lucretius, [387 n.];
Cicero, [389 n.];
Prof. Bain, [383 n.]
[Plotinus], i. [376 n.], iii. [84 n.]
[Poets], censured by Herakleitus, i. [26];
Xenophanes, [16];
the art is one, ii. [127];
arbitrary exposition by the rhapsodes, [125];
and rhapsodes work by divine inspiration, [127], [129];
deliver wisdom without knowing it, [285];
the great teachers, [135];
really know nothing, [ib.];
Strabo against, iv. [152 n.];
appeal to maxims of, ii. [178];
importance of knowledge of, [283];
Plato’s forced interpretations of, [286], [ ib. n.];
relation of sophists, rhetors, philosophers to, iv. [149];
ancient quarrel between philosophy and, [93], [151];
Plato’s feelings enlisted for, [93];
Plato’s aversion to Athenian dramatic, [316], [350];
peculiar to himself, [317];
Aristotle differs, [ib. n.];
change for worse at Athens began in, [313];
censured, ii. [355], iv. [91], [130 n.];
their mischievous imitation of imitation, [91];
retort open to, [153 n.], [154 n.];
mischievous appeal to emotions, ii. [126], iv. [92], [152], [349];
only deceive their hearers, [91];
credibility upheld by Plato, [161];
must avoid variety of imitation, [26];
orthodox type imposed on, [24], [153], [155], [ 292-6], [323], [349];
to keep emotions in a proper state, [169];
Plato’s expulsion of, censured, iii. [3];
actual place of, in Greek education, compared with Plato’s idéal, iv. [ 149-53];
mixture in Plato of poetry with religious mysticism and dialectic theory, iii. [16];
poetic vein of Sokrates in Phædon contrasted with Apology, ii. [421];
Aristophanes on function of, iv. [306 n.]
[Political] art, its use, ii. [206], iii. [415];
Sokrates declares he alone follows the true, ii. [361];
society and ethics, topic of Sokrates, i. [376];
ethics merged by Sokrates in, ii. [362];
treated together by Plato, iv. [133];
apart by Aristotle, [138];
Plato’s and Aristotle’s new theory of, to resist King Nomos, i. [393];
relation to philosophy, ii. [224], [227], [229], [230 n.], [365 n.], [368 n.], [ib.], iii. [179], [183], iv. [51-4], i. [181 n.], [182];
to be studied by itself exclusively, ii. [229];
Lewis on ideals, iv. [139 n.];
see [Government], [Monarchy], [Ruler].