The matter relative to the syllogism treated in chapters 11, 12 and 13 is given primarily to enable the reader to test the validity of categorical arguments. Such arguments must be viewed from the two standpoints of form and matter, since it is one of the chief purposes of logic to enable the student to detect fallacious reasoning, no matter how subtly it may be concealed. Therefore, that one may gain marked facility in this kind of work, it becomes necessary to proceed with thoroughness and confidence. The meaning of arguments and the various material fallacies may be treated later; but we are now equipped with sufficient knowledge and experience to test the validity of arguments from the viewpoint of form.
2. ORDER OF PROCEDURE IN THE FORMAL TESTING OF ARGUMENTS.
In testing categorical arguments three things are essential; first, to follow a definite plan; second, to give reasons; third, to give the author the benefit of the doubt. In view of these essentials, we suggest this outline which may be helpful to the inexperienced:
(1) Arrange logically and complete the syllogism.
(2) Determine the figure and mood by using symbols.
(3) Apply the rules for negatives and particulars.
(4) Indicate the distribution by underscoring the terms distributed.
(5) Apply the rules for distribution.
(6) Name fallacies, if any, giving reasons.
We recall that to be strictly logical any categorical argument must take this form: first, major premise; second, minor premise; third, conclusion. Often in common conversation either the minor premise or conclusion is given first. Illustrations of this: (1) “He cannot be a gentleman (conclusion); for no gentleman would do such a thing (major premise), and there is no doubt but that he did it” (minor premise). (2) “He has the making of a good teacher (conclusion); because he not only knows, but he knows how to impart what he knows (minor premise), and this is a sure sign of a good teacher” (major premise). When the argument appears in this illogical form, the first duty of the student is to arrange it logically. To do this he must be able to recognize readily the premises and the conclusion. To this end these facts may be of assistance: