(5) Fallacies of opposition result most frequently from deriving universals from their corresponding particulars, and from assuming to contradict affirmative universals by negative universals and affirmative particulars by negative particulars.
The common fallacy in the process of obversion consists in using one negative instead of two, whereas the ordinary error of conversion is a matter of distributing an undistributed term.
Fallacies of contraversion must involve either those of obversion or conversion since the process is a combination of the two.
(6) Fallacies in language, because they result from permitting more than one interpretation, may be also denominated fallacies of equivocation.
(1) Ambiguous middle is the fallacy of giving to the middle term a double meaning.
The fallacy of four terms, as the name signifies, exists when the argument has four terms in both form and meaning. Ambiguous middle is a matter of four terms in meaning but only three in form.
(2) The fallacy of amphibology is committed when the given proposition conveys more than one meaning. In order to maintain their prestige the ancient oracles made use of this fallacy.
(3) The fallacy of accent springs from placing undue emphasis on some word or group of words. Newspaper and demagogues are prone to this error, that they may thus create an unfavorable impression towards those whom they oppose.
(4) The fallacy of composition is committed when it is assumed that what is true distributively is likewise true collectively. “All” meaning each one and “all” meaning the whole class often leads to the fallacy of composition.
(5) The fallacy of division is committed when it is assumed that what is true collectively is true distributively.