(12) What form of reasoning did Columbus follow in proving that the earth is spherical?
(13) “It is said that the greatness of Darwin was due largely to his habit of never ignoring an exception.” Justify by illustration the truth of this assertion.
(14) In analogical reasoning by example, under what conditions would one illustration be as convincing as many?
(15) “Considering the similarities and differences, the weight of the argument favors Mars’ habitability.” Suppose the proportion of probability were something like this—Resemblances: Differences = 8:7; wherein might the conclusion be erroneous?
(16) Mention a mark or characteristic which would make the habitability of Mars incompatible?
(17) Select a topic for investigation which is peculiarly adapted to enumeration; to analogy; to analysis.
(18) “The uniformities we expect to find in the world take two main aspects, one of which is indicated by the term thing and the other by the term circumstance.” Aikin’s Principles of Logic, 1905; p. 233. In the light of the two fundamental laws of universal causation and uniformity of nature explain and illustrate the quotation.
(19) Explain the principle of teleology as related to analogy. Hibben, 1908; p. 317.