3. Fill each blank with a personal pronoun.
- 1. He believes the author to be ——. [First person.]
- 2. He believes that the author is ——. [First person.]
- 3. I knew the thief to be ——. [Third person.]
- 4. I thought that the thief was ——. [Third person.]
- 5. We thought the strangers to be ——. [Third person.]
- 6. We thought that the strangers were ——. [Third person.]
4. Fill each blank with who or whom.
- 1. The man —— I believe to be responsible for this accident is the engineer.
- 2. I believe that the man —— is responsible for this accident is the engineer.
- 3. My knock was answered by a lad —— I believed to be a lodger.
- 4. You are not the person —— I believed you to be.
EXERCISE 42
([§§ 329–343], [pp. 140–143])
1. Point out all the participles, present and past, and tell what substantive each modifies. Mention such as are used as pure adjectives. Mention any modifiers or objects of participles.
1. The ship is anchored safe and sound, its voyage closed and done.—Whitman. 2. Even the tight windows and the heavy silken curtains drawn close could not shut out the sound of the driving sleet. 3. Godolphin was not a reading man. 4. Mr. Sikes, dragging Oliver after him, elbowed his way through the thickest of the crowd. 5. Betrayed, deserted, disorganized, unprovided with resources, begirt with enemies, the noble city was still no easy conquest. 6. Thus regretted and cautioned on all hands, Mordaunt took leave of the hospitable household. 7. Far away, an angry white stain undulating on the surface of steely-gray waters, shot with gleams of green, diminished swiftly, without a hiss, like a patch of pure snow melting in the sun.—Conrad. 8. I set her on my pacing steed.—Keats.
9. But the poor traveller paused here barely for a minute, and then went on, stumbling through the mud, striking his ill-covered feet against the rough stones in the dark, sweating in his weakness, almost tottering at times, and calculating whether his remaining strength would serve to carry him home.—Trollope. 10. His teeth are set, his hand is clenched. 11. Passing through the ravine, they came to a hollow, like a small amphitheatre. 12. He found the house gone to decay—the roof fallen in, the windows shattered, and the doors off the hinges. 13. And now, sir, when you next go to the British Museum, look for a poet named Vaughan. 14. A heavy sea struck us on our starboard quarter, almost throwing us on our beam-ends. 15. He stood chuckling and rubbing his hands, and scarcely hearing a word the parson said. 16. The light struggles dimly through windows darkened by dust. 17. We sailed merrily forward for several days, meeting with nothing to interrupt us.
2. Write sentences containing the past participles of six weak verbs; of six strong verbs.
3. Write sentences containing a participle used as a pure adjective; a participle used as a predicate adjective; a participle modified adverbially; a participle taking an object.
4. Write ten sentences each containing a perfect participle. Substitute for each a clause introduced by when.