[467]. Consonant stems are mostly substantive, and include both gender words and neuters.

Comparatives and a few other words are adjective. For the gender of substantives, see [570].

[468]. The nominative of consonant stems ends in -s (or -x); or in -n (-ō), -l, -r, or -s of the stem, rarely in -c or -t.

[469]. Most consonant stems have one syllable less in the nominative than in the genitive.

Such words are called Imparisyllabic words or Imparisyllables: as, nominative rēx, king, one syllable; genitive rēgis, of a king, two syllables.

[470]. Many consonant stems have a double form: one form used in the nominative singular (neuters have this form in the accusative also), another form in the other cases: as,

iūdex, juror, stem of nominative iūdec- ([136, 2]), of other cases iūdic-; flāmen ([103, a]), special priest, flāmin- ([103, a]); virgō, maid, virgin- ([105, g]); auceps ([107, d]), fowler, aucup- ([104, c]); ebur ([107, c]), ivory, ebor-; genus, race, gener- ([145]; [107, c]); trīstius ([346]), sadder, trīstiōr- ([346]); corpus ([107, c]), body, corpor- ([105, i]); pater ([135, 2]), father, patr-. In such instances the stem of the oblique cases is taken for brevity to represent both forms of the stem.

[I. MUTE STEMS.]

[471]. (1.) Stems in a guttural mute, -g- or -c-, are declined as follows:

Examples
Stems		rēx, king,
rēg-, M.		dux, leader,
duc-, M.		iūdex, juror,
iūdic-, M., F.		Case
endings
Singular
Nom.rēx, a (or the) kingduxiūdex-s (-x)
Gen.rēgis, a king’s, of a kingducisiūdicis-is
Dat.rēgī, to or for a kingducīiūdicī-ī
Acc.rēgem, a kingducemiūdicem-em
Abl.rēge, from, with, or by a kingduceiūdice-e
Plural
Nom.rēgēs, (the) kingsducēsiūdicēs-ēs
Gen.rēgum, kings’, of kingsducumiūdicum-um
Dat.rēgibus, to or for kingsducibusiūdicibus-ibus
Acc.rēgēs, kingsducēsiūdicēs-ēs
Abl.rēgibus, from, with, or by kingsducibusiūdicibus-ibus