[2279.] (1.) The time to which the participle refers is indicated by the verb of the sentence.
āēr effluēns hūc et illūc ventōs efficit, DN. 2, 101, the air by streaming to and fro produces winds. convēnī hodiē adveniēns quendam, T. Eu. 234, I met a man as I was coming to-day. manūs tendentēs vītam ōrābant, L. 44, 42, 4, with hands outstretched they begged their lives. Croesus Halyn penetrāns magnam pervertet opum vim, oracle in Div. 2, 115, Croesus, when Halys he shall cross, will overthrow a mighty realm. benignitātem tu͡am mihī̆ expertō praedicās, Pl. Merc. 289, thou vauntest to me who’ve proved thy courtesy. cōnsecūtus id quod animō prōposuerat, receptuī canī iussit, 7, 47, 1, having accomplished what he had designed, he gave orders to sound the retreat. Dionȳsius Syrācūsīs expulsus Corinthī puerōs docēbat, TD. 3, 27, after his expulsion from Syracuse, Dionysius kept school at Corinth. lēgātī dīxērunt sē rē dēlīberātā ad Caesarem reversūrōs, 4, 9, 1, the envoys said that they would come back to Caesar after they had thought the matter over.
[2280.] (2.) The perfect participle of deponents is sometimes used with past tenses or their equivalents to denote incomplete contemporaneous action. So occasionally a perfect passive.
([a.]) Metellum esse ratī portās clausēre, S. I. 69, 1, supposing that it was Metellus, they closed their gates. gāvīsus illōs retinērī iussit, 4, 13, 6, with pleasure he gave orders for their detention. persuādent Rauracīs utī eōdem ūsī cōnsiliō proficīscantur, 1, 5, 4, they coaxed the Rauraci to adopt the same plan and go. sōlātus iussit sapientem pāscere barbam, H. S. 2, 3, 35, consoling me he bade me grow a philosophic beard. This use is found in old Latin and in Cicero very rarely. Sallust and Caesar use a few verbs thus. It is not uncommon in the Augustan poets and Livy. In late writers, especially Tacitus, it is frequent. (b.) servum sub furcā caesum mediō ēgerat circō, L. 2, 36, 1, he had driven a slave round, flogged under the fork, right in the circus. With this compare servus per circum, cum virgīs caederētur, furcam ferēns ductus est, Div. 1, 55, a slave with the fork on his neck was driven through the circus, flogged with rods the while ([1872]). But the perfect passive has its ordinary force ([2279]) in verberibus caesum tē in pistrīnum dēdam, T. Andr. 199, I’ll give you a flogging and then put you in the mill.
[2281.] For the perfect participle with forms of sum and fuī, see [1608], [1609]; for the conative present participle, 2301; reflexive, 1482.
[The Attributive Participle.]
[2282.] The present or perfect participle is often used as an adjective to express a permanent condition: as,
ācrem ōrātōrem, incēnsum et agentem et canōrum forī strepitus dēsīderat, Br. 317, the noisy forum requires an impetuous speaker, inspired and dramatic and sonorous. L. Abuccius, homo adprīmē doctus, Varro, RR. 3, 2, 17, Abuccius, an eminently learned man. aliī facētī, flōrentēs etiam et ōrnātī, O. 20, others are brilliant, even bright and elegant. id tibī̆ renūntiō futūrum ut sīs sciēns, T. Andr. 508, I give you notice this will happen, that you may be prepared.
[2283.] The future participle is found as an adjective in the Augustan poets and in late writers. Cicero, however, has futūrus in this use with rēs and a few other words, and has ventūrus once.