dā mānsūram urbem, V. 3, 85, grant a city that shall abide. firmus pariēs et dūrātūrus, Ta. D. 22, a strong and durable wall. sīgna ostenduntur ā dīs rērum futūrārum, DN. 2, 12, signs of future events are disclosed by the gods. For the future participle with forms of sum, see [1633].
[2284.] Many participles have become complete adjectives, and as such are capable of composition or comparison, or take the case required by an adjective.
([a.]) nōmen invictī imperātōris, V. 4, 82, the invincible general’s name. pūrus et īnsōns sī vīvō, H. S. 1, 6, 69, pure and guiltless if I live ([749]). (b.) solūtus venēficae scientiōris carmine, H. Epod. 5, 71, freed by some craftier witch’s charm. homo ērudītissimus, Verrēs, V. 4, 126, Verres, most accomplished of men. (c.) tibi sum oboediēns, Pl. MG. 806, I’m your obedient ([1200]). tē cōnfīdō ea factūrum quae mihī̆ intellegēs maximē esse accommodāta, Fam. 3, 3, 2, I feel confident that you will do what you shall feel most appropriate to my interests ([1201]). For the genitive with such participles, see [1266].
[2285.] A perfect participle in agreement with a substantive often contains the leading idea, and may be translated like an abstract substantive with a genitive dependent. The nominative is rarely thus used. The present participle in this use is rare, the future late.
This construction expresses the completed action of the verb in precisely the same way that the gerundive construction ([2240]) expresses uncompleted action.
([a.]) Joined with substantives: iniūriae retentōrum equitum Rōmānōrum, 3, 10, 2, the outrages of Roman knights detained, i.e. in the detention of Roman knights. servātī cōnsulis decus, L. 21, 46, 10, the credit of saving the consul. male administrātae prōvinciae urgēbātur, Ta. 6, 29, he was charged with maladministration of his province. ō quid solūtīs est beātius cūrīs? Cat. 31, 7, oh what is sweeter than the putting off of care?
([b.]) Joined with prepositions: ab conditā urbe ad līberātam, L. 1, 60, 3, from the foundation of the city to the liberation thereof. post nātōs hominēs improbissimus, Br. 224, the greatest reprobate since the creation of man. ante cīvitātem datam, Arch. 9, before the gift of the citizenship.
([c.]) In the nominative: very rare before Livy: dēpressa hostium classis, Arch. 21, the sinking of the enemy’s fleet. angēbant ingentis spīritūs virum Sicilia Sardiniaque āmissae, L. 21, 1, 5, what tortured the high-souled hero was the loss of Sicily and Sardinia. cuius turbāvit nitidōs exstīnctus passer ocellōs, J. 6, 7, whose sparkling eyne the sparrow’s death bedimmed.
[2286.] This use of the participle, though old, is not common before Livy, who, like Tacitus, has it frequently, both with substantives and with prepositions. Very rare in Caesar, rare in Cicero, who, however, uses it both with substantives and with a few prepositions. In old Latin (not in Terence), it is found with the substantives opus and ūsus, in Cato with post, in Varro with propter: as, mī homine conventōst opus, Pl. Cur. 302, I needs must see the man. propter mare congelātum, Varro, RR. 1, 2, 4, by reason of the freezing of the sea water. For the participle alone with ūsus est and opus est, see [1382].