1. I. Conopilei. Pileus conico-campanulate; gills ascending, adnexed, often free.
  2. elata, Mass. P. 3-5 cm. high, obtusely campan. even, glabrous, dark brown then pale and atomate; g. adnate; s. 9-15 cm. straight, slightly narrowed upwards, white, shining; sp. 18 × 8-9.
  3. conopilea, Fr. P. 2-3 cm. campan. even, glabrous, bay then pale; g. slightly adnexed; s. 8-14 cm. narrowed upwards, white, shining; sp. 14 × 7.
  4. mastigera, B. and Br. P. 3-5 cm. nearly cylindrical obtuse then conico-campan. with a strong umbo, usually wavy, brown then pale; g. affixed, umber, edge pale; s. 6-7 cm. whitish or tinged purple; sp. 15-16 × 7-8.
  5. glareosa, B. and Br. P. 1.5 cm. campan. grey, striate, minutely tomentose; g. broadly adnate; s. 3-5 cm. brown with white fibrils; sp. ——.
  6. [griseobadia, Pat. P. hemispher. striate, pruinosely pulverulent, dry, tough, reddish-fuscous; g. numerous, unequal, entire, adnate, fuscous; s. slender, glabrous, reddish, dry, tough; sp. 10 × 7.
  7. [Loscosii, Rab. P. thin, campan.-exp. greyish fuscous, sulcate, folds at length granulato-crenate, edge incurved; g. adnate; s. long, tough, equal, pallid fuscescent.
  8. corrugis, Pers. P. 3-5 cm. campan. umb. rather rugose, pale ochre often tinged pink; g. sinuate, adnexed; s. 4-7 cm. equal, glabrous, white; sp. 12-14 × 6.
  9. var. vinosus, Corda. P. with rosy tinge; s. short.
  10. var. gracilis, Bull. (= P. pellosperma, Cke.). Slenderer than type.
  11. [Barlae, Bresad. P. campan. exp. purplish brown then reddish umber, centre tawny, reticulately rugulose; g. purplish then fuscous, edge white; s. tall, stout, hollow, purplish upwards inside and out, pale below, base strigose, veil white; sp. 12-15 × 7-8.
  12. [torpens, Weinm. P. campan. obtuse, even, becoming pale; g. dry, brown, edge white; s. slender, glabrous, white.
  13. var. astrospora, Q. Subhygr. very fragile, blackish grey then fuscescent, glabrous; g. adnato-decur. dusky brown-purple then blackish; s. straight, rigid, hollow, white, striate and white-mealy above; sp. black, 11-14 × 5.
  15. tenuicula, Karst. P. very thin, campan. subexp. everywhere striate, whitish, then livid or smoky, pale when dry; g. adnate, pallid then grey; s. usually wavy, hyaline, pellucid, glabrous; sp. 5-6 × 3.
  16. [subliquescens, Schum. P. conico-exp. brown-striate, viscid; g. nearly free, subliquescent; s. elongated, attenuated, straight, pale brown.
  17. [typhae, Kalchb. Small. P. thin, convex, striate, glabrous, pallid ochre then pale umber; g. nearly free, whitish then fuscous; s. naked, whitish, seated on an orbicular membranaceous arachnoid mycelium.
  18. var. iridis, Boud. P. fuscous, striate, umbo rugulose, semipellucid; s. with a median ring; sp. 10-13 × 6-7.
  19. [stricta, Trog. P. campan. silky-even, dry, pallid; g. adnexed, subdeliquescent, purplish umber; s. tall, straight, glabrous, white.
  20. gyroflexa, Fr. P. 1-2 cm. conico-campan. striate, atomate, grey, disc rufescent when dry; g. adnexed; s. 3-5 cm. flexuous, silky, white; sp. 8-10 × 4-5.
  21. II. Obtusati. Pileus campanulato-convex, expanding, glabrous or atomate, gills plano- or arcuato-adfixed.
  22. spadiceo-grisea, Schaeff. P. 3-4 cm. conico-campan. then exp. subumb. glabrous, striate to middle, hygr. bay then greyish; g. narrow; sp. 8-10 long.
  23. obtusata, Fr. P. 1-2 cm. campan. then exp. obtuse, glabrous, corrugated, hygr. rather shining, umber then pale; g. adnate; s. 2-4 cm. pallid, base incurved; sp. 6-7 × 4.
  24. [ombrophila, Karst. P. plane, orbicular, subgibbous, even, granular; g. adnexed, blackish; s. reddish, base subtuberous; sp. yellowish, 4-6 × 2-3.
  25. neglecta, Mass. P. 6-8 mm. convex then exp. even, glabrous, pale ochre, atomate and whitish when dry; g. purple-brown; s. 2-3 cm. rather wavy, white, pellucid; sp. 12 × 6; cystidia abundant, fusiform.
  26. Differs from P. urticaecola in glabrous p.
  27. [fagicola, Lasch. P. thin, campan. obtuse, striate, viscid, greenish-blue, sublivid, fuscescent; g. adnexed then separating, subliquescent, brown.
  28. [Falkii, Weinm. P. thin, hemispher.-exp. pellucid, moist, hygr. mealy grey when dry; g. laxly adfixed, ventricose, umber then fuscous-purple.
  29. [solitaria, K. Fragile. P. campan.-exp. glabrous, umber, pallid tan when dry; s. fistulose, equal, whitish, fibrillose, base with white down; sp. 6-7 × 3, cystidia ventricose-fusoid.
  30. [pallens, Karst. P. convex, even, often rugulose when dry, atomate, naked, whitish when dry; g. subadnate, ascending, grey, edge rosy; s. equal, straight, naked, pallid; sp. 18-25 × 12-13; cystidia fusoid.
  32. III. Fibrillosi. Pileus and stem floccose or fibrillose at first from the universal veil.
  33. frustulenta, Fr. P. 2-3 cm. hemisph. obtuse, slightly striate, albo-floccose at edge, pallid brown, hygr.; g. adnate, cinnamon; s. 4-5 cm. rather wavy, flocculose, white; sp. 10 × 4, pale rusty brown. (5-7 × 3-4 Sacc.)
  34. Much like a Galera in colour of sp.
  35. [bipellis, Q. P. campan. then exp. 2-3 cm. hygr. purple-bay then micaceous and rosy, edge with white silky flecks; g. adnate, rosy then dusky violet with a narrow white edge; s. fistulose, fragile, mealy at the apex, downy then satiny, white, often tinged violet; sp. 15 long.
  36. [subunda, Karst. P. conico-convex, exp. umb. atomate, pellucidly striate, even, glabrous, pale tan or pale livid, whitish when dry, with scattered fibrils; g. adnate, crowded, grey then tinged violet, finally brown; s. cylindrical, shining, white; sp. 8-9 × 4.
  37. [Schulzeri, Q. (= Ag. flavescens, Q.) P. conoid-hemisph. then exp. white, apex yellow or brown, even; g. purple-brown, edge whitish; s. cartilaginous, glabrous, white; sp. 5-8 long.
  38. bifrons, B. and Br. P. 1-2 cm. campan. obtuse, rugulose, brownish-ochre, at first fibrillose; g. adnate, edge toothed; s. 4-7 cm. naked, shining, white; sp. 8 × 4.
  39. var. semitincta, Phil. P. pinkish; sp. 12 × 5.
  40. semivestita, B. and Br. P. 1.5-2 cm. ovate-campan. obtuse, even, bay then pale ochre, when young lower half white-fibrillose; g. broad; s. 5-7 cm. white, fibrillose below; sp. 10-12 × 5.
  41. fatuus, Fr. P. 2-3 cm. ovato-campan. then exp. rugose, fibrillose then glabrous, dingy ochre then pale; g. adnate, brown; s. 5-9 cm. white, apex striate, mealy; sp. 12-13 × 6-7.
  42. fibrillosa, Pers. P. 3-4 cm. campan. then exp. slightly striate, fibrillose, livid then pale; g. adnate, very broad behind; s. 4-5 cm. white, fibrilloso-squamulose; sp. 12 × 5-6.
  43. Gordoni, B. and Br. Densely tufted. P. 2-4 cm. campan. pale grey then white, floccose, edge sulcate; g. grey; s. 4-5 cm. white, floccose below; sp. 14-15 long.
  44. helobia, Kalchbr. P. 2-4 cm. campan. then plane with concentric ridges; radiately rugose, subumb. sooty brown, pale when dry; g. adnate, sooty brown; s. 6-8 cm. reddish umber with white squamules; sp. 12 × 6.
  45. pennata, Fr. P. 2-3 cm. campan. obtuse, even, with feathery white squamules, pale ochre; g. adnexed, broad; s. 4-5 cm. villose, silvery; sp. 7-8 × 5.
  46. var. fimicola, Bern. P. rusty ochre; g. black, with a decur. tooth.
  47. var. squamosa, Karst. Stem everywhere with squarrose white floccose scales; sp. 5-6 × 3.
  49. gossypina, Bull. P. 1.5-2.5 cm. campan. then exp. tomentose, soon glabrous, edge striate, pale ochre; g. adnexed; s. 4-5 cm. tomentose, whitish; sp. 10 × 6.
  50. [squamosa, Karst. P. campan. exp. tawny-fuscous, tan and scaly when dry; g. adnate, crowded; s. equal, wavy, undulate, apex mealy then glabrous, shining; sp. 6-10 × 3-5.
  51. Differs from P. gossypina and P. pennata in colour of p. and smaller sp.
  52. noli-tangere, Fr. Very fragile. P. 1-2 cm. campan.-exp. everywhere striate, hygr. squamulose near edge, pale umber then pale; g. adnate, broad; s. brownish, apex smooth; sp. 12 × 5.
  53. [laureata, Q. P. convex, mammilate, glabrous, slightly viscid, greyish bistre, edge with a double row of snow-white flecks; g. subdecur. broad, triangular, greyish lilac; s. pruinose at summit, minutely velvety, clear grey; sp. 8 long.
  54. Resembles P. noli-tangere in appearance.
  55. microrhiza, Lasch. P. 2-3 cm. campan. even, dry, atomate, at first yellow-pilose; g. crowded, narrow; s. 4-5 cm. silky, white, rooting; sp. 10-11 × 6.
  56. urticaecola, B. and Br. P. 4-5 mm. campan. flocculent, edge becoming striate, white; g. chocolate; s. 1-2 cm. flocculent, white; sp. 7 × 4.

PSILOCYBE, Fr.

  1. I. Tenaces. Veil accidental, rarely conspicuous. Stem callous, flexile, often coloured. Pileus pelliculose, often viscid in damp weather, becoming somewhat pale, clear coloured.
    1. * Gills ventricose, not decurrent.
    2. sarcocephala, Fr. P. 4-9 cm. compact, exp. mealy then glabrous, pallid rusty; g. adnate, very broad, grey then purplish bistre; s. 7-12 cm. whitish, apex mealy; sp. 7 × 3.5.
    3. [pertinax, Fr. P. convexo-plane, obtuse, reticulately rugose, dusky-brown, disc even; g. adnate, crowded, rusty-brown; s. hollow, fibrillosely striate, pallid.
    4. nemophila, Alex. P. exp. brick-red, even; g. deeply decur. very narrow, edge crisped-dentate; s. solid, pale, fusiformly narrowed.
    5. helvola, Schaeff. P. 2-3 cm. conical then convex, yellow-brown, disc darkest; g. broadly adnate, broad, purple-umber, edge whitish; s. 5-6 cm. flexuous, pale, hollow; sp. obliquely elliptical, warted, 9-10 × 5-6.
    6. atrobrunnea, Lasch. P. campan.-convex, umb. even, brownish; g. adnexed then seceding, rather distant, brownish; s. stuffed, long, fibrillose, apex white-mealy; sp. 9-12 × 5-6.
    8. ericaea, Pers. P. 2-4 cm. exp. viscid when moist, tawny or bay then yellowish and shining; g. adnate, broad, pruinose, at length black, edge white; s. 6-9 cm. tough, pallid; sp. 9-10 × 5.
    9. subericaea, Fr. P. 3-5 cm. convex, obtuse, becoming plane, even, smooth, tawny then pale; g. sinuate, adnexed, broad; s. 3-4 cm. equal, smooth, yellowish, hollow; sp. 10 × 6.
    10. Differs from P. ericaea in short s. and attachment of broad g.
    11. [dichroa, Karst. P. campan. subumb. edge slightly striate, bay then tan; g. adfixed, broad, brownish-purple, edge whitish; s. pallid, then fuscescent, silky.
    12. var. minor, Karst. Smaller. P. striate to middle; g. umber.
    13. [lipophila, Oud. P. convex, exp. obtuse, glabrous, viscid when moist, pale rusty; g. adnexed then decur. broad; s. whitish, apex white, base with white down; sp. 11-12 × 7.
    14. [mutabilis, Karst. P. tough, convex, obtuse, watery umber when moist, tawny when dry, glabrous; g. adnate, crowded, broad; s. hollow, rigid, equal, whitish-silky, tinged rusty especially downwards; sp. 7-10 × 3-4.
    15. uda, Pers. P. 1.5-2.5 cm. exp. dry, rugulose, tawny then yellowish; g. adfixed, purplish; s. 6-10 cm. pale, thin, tough, fibrillose base rusty; sp. 10 × 5. (16-20 × 7-9 Karst.)
    16. var. polytrichi, Fr. P. campan.-convex then plano-depr. even, glabrous, dry, pale yellow then whitish, edge pale; g. becoming decur.; s. elongated, wavy, glabrous, pale tawny.
    17. var. elongatus, Pers. P. campan.-convex, striate when moist, livid- or greenish-yellow, even and yellowish when dry.
    18. [corneipes, Fr. P. campan.-convex, glabrous, bay, edge striate; g. adnate, very broad behind; s. horny, rigid, shining, blackish bay.
    19. canofaciens, Cke. P. 2-3 cm. campan. then exp. disc fleshy, bay, with white fibrils; g. adnate, umber; s. 4-7 cm. colour of p.; sp. 10 × 4, some much larger.
    20. areolata, Klotzsch. P. 3-6 cm. exp. brownish ochre, cracked up into patches; g. adnate; s. 4-7 cm. dingy white, fibrillose; sp. 12-13 × 8.
    21. virescens, Mass. P. 3-5 cm. exp. brown then greenish yellow, cracked into patches; g. adnexed, dingy purple, edge pale; s. 4-5 cm. apex striate, greenish, base white; sp. 9 × 5.
    22. agraria, Fr. P. 2 cm. exp. white, not hygr.; g. adnate, white then brown; s. 4-6 cm. glabrous, white; sp. ——.
    23. chondroderma, B. and Br. P. 2-3 cm. campan. bright dark brown, very smooth, sometimes cracked, edge thin, append.; g. adfixed, brown, edge white; s. 4-5 cm. subequal, paler than p., fibrillose, base squamulose; sp. 7 × 3.5.
    24. scobicola, B. and Br. P. 2-3 cm. convex, umbil. white, glabrous; g. adnexed, broad, reddish-brown; s. 2-3 cm. whitish, fibrillose, hollow; sp. 8 × 5, pale.
    26. ** Gills plane, very broad behind, subdecur.
    27. ammophila, Mont. P. 2-3 cm. exp. umb. yellow-rufous, fibrillose;
    28. coprophila, Bull. P. 1.5-2 cm. slightly viscid, hemispher. then exp. umb. yellowish rufous; g. arcuato-subdecur. broad; s. 3-5 cm. narrowed upwards, white, floccose then almost glabrous; sp. 13-14 × 8.
    29. Differs from P. bullacea in absence of striae on p.
    30. bullacea, Bull. P. 1-2 cm. hemispher. then exp. umb. finely striate to middle, rather viscid, bay or brownish brick-red, then pale, often with a white fringe at the edge, cuticle separable; g. adnate, almost triangular, grey then brownish purple; s. 2-4 cm. slender, apex pruinose, fawn, fibrillose, base rusty; sp. 9-11 × 4-7.
    31. physaloides, Bull. P. 1.5-2 cm. campan. then exp. umb. striate, rather viscid, purple brown or bay then pale; g. subdecur. rather rusty then purplish brown; s. 2-3 cm. fibrillose, base bay; sp. 12 × 6.
    32. [ferrugineo-lateritia, Vogl. P. convex, subumbil. edge substriate, glabrous, subhygr. rusty brick-red; g. adnato-decur. purple-black; s. cylindrical, colour of p. base white; sp. 7-9 × 4.
    33. [libertata, Fr. P. obconic, umbo hemispher. prominent, at first hoarily silky then glabrous, dusky umber then pale; g. deeply decur.; s. flexile.
    34. atrorufa, Schaeff. P. 2-2.5 cm. convex, obtuse, glabrous, edge striate, purple-brown then pale; g. subdecur. broad, brown-violet with a white edge; s. 5-7 cm. pale bay or fawn, pruinose, fibrillose at base; sp. 10-12 × 6. (6-8 × 4-5 Karst.)
    35. nuciseda, Fr. P. 1.5-2 cm. convex, obsoletely umb. rather silky when dry and yellowish, dusky brown at first; g. adnate, broad; s. 2-3 cm. brownish with white down, base narrowed; sp. 8 × 4.
    36. *** Gills sublinear, ascending.
    37. tegularis, Schum. P. campan. glabrous, tan, areolately cracked; g. attenuato-adnexed; s. stuffed, narrowed upwards from a thickened base, pallid.
    38. compta, B. and Br. P. 3-4 cm. conico-campan. then exp. subumb. edge striate, pale ochre and atomate when dry; g. broad, adnate; s. 4-5 cm. pale rufous; sp. ——.
    39. [callosa, Fr. P. conico-campan. obtuse, even, glabrous, dry, white or yellowish; g. adnate, ascending, ventricose, sooty black; s. tough, equal, glabrous, pallid.
    40. semilanceata, Fr. P. 1-2 cm. exp. acutely conical, slightly viscid and striate when moist, pallid, often tinged yellow or green; g. adnexed; s. 4-7 cm. flexuous, pallid; sp. 10-12 × 6.
    41. var. caerulescens, Cke. P. rather obtuse; s. bluish at base.
  2. II. Rigidi. Veil absent. Stem rigid. Gills adnexed, very rarely adnate.
  3. [phoenix, Secr. P. campan. then exp. even, glabrous, hygr. fuscous then pale and shining; g. free; s. stuffed, striate, pallid, subbulbous.
  4. canobrunnea, Fr. P. 4-7 cm. exp. obtuse, subviscid when moist, hygr. fleshy-brown then pale; g. nearly free, brownish purple; s. 4-5 cm. hollow, short, squamulose, whitish or greyish pink, rooting; sp. ——.
  5. [Gilletii, Karst. P. campan.-convex, often obliquely umb. glabrous, livid grey with olive tinge, umb. tawny, then pale ochre; g. subadnate soon free, grey- then livid-purple; s. fistulose, straight, equal, glabrous, bay, apex paler and pruinose; sp. 10-13 × 5-6.
  6. [simulans, Karst. P. conico-convex, exp. usually obtusely umb. glabrous, pale rusty with honey-colour tinge, pellucidly striate, edge at first incurved, yellow tawny when dry; g. greyish with honey or olive tinge; s. wavy, ascending, rather lubricous, shining, bay, apex paler; sp. 4-6 × 3.
  7. spadicea, Fr. Subcaespitose. P. 3-7 cm. glabrous, humid, convex then exp. edge at first incurved, dark bay or bistre-brown then pale; g. adnate with decur. tooth, crowded, whitish then pinkish, at last purple-brown; s. fistulose, equal, rigid, silky, whitish; sp. 10 × 5.
  8. var. hygrophila, Fr. Larger. P. fuscous then tan; s. subfusiformly rooting; g. emarginate with a long decur. line.
  9. var. polycephala, Fr. Very densely tufted. P. rigid; s. slender, slightly flexuous; g. nearly free, fuscous-umber.
  10. This is the commonest form in Britain.
  11. Hypholoma hydrophilum differs in having fuscous-cinnamon, lachrymose gills.
  12. cernua, Fl. Dan. P. 1.5-2 cm. campan.-convex then exp. glabrous, micaceous, hygr. rugulose and pallid when dry; g. adnate; s. 5-9 cm. white, apex even, pruinose; sp. 8 × 5.
  13. squalens, Fr. P. 2-5 cm. exp. depr. even, glabrous, hygr. lurid then pale; g. adnato-decur. tan then brown; s. 4-5 cm. not rooting, apex striate, colour of p.; sp. ——.
  14. [murcida, Fr. P. convex, obtuse, slightly striate, hygr. even when dry, bay then tan or rosy; g. adnate, segmentoid, umber; s. slender, fragile, straight, naked.
  15. [hebes, Fr. P. exp. obtuse, glabrous, hygr. edge striate, lurid then pale; g. adnate, triangular; s. glabrous, pallid.
  16. foenisecii, Fr. P. 1.5-2 cm. campan.-exp. obtuse, dingy brown then pale; g. adnate, ventricose, umber; s. 4-6 cm. not rooting, pale reddish, glabrous; sp. 10 × 5-6.
  17. clivensis, B. and Br. P. 2-3 cm. hemispher. pale brown then pale ochre or whitish; g. broad, adnate, emarginate, edge pale; s. 3 cm. silky, base subclavate; sp. 10 × 5.
  19. [vicina, Fr. P. convex then plane, obtuse, glabrous, umber then pale; g. slightly adnexed, grey then blackish; s. stuffed, wavy, grey, apex pruinose.
  20. catervata, Mass. Densely fasciculate. P. 1-2 cm. campan. obtuse, white; g. slightly adnexed, crowded, edge entire, white; s. 3-4 cm. white; sp. 12 × 4; cystidia fusiform.

COPRINUS, Fr.

Key to the Sections.

I. Volva distinct with a free edge; ring present or absent. p. [228].

II. Volva absent; ring present on stem. p. [229].

III. Volva and ring absent. Veil practically absent. Pileus either glabrous or with minute innate squamules, especially near the apex, not splitting along the lines of the gills. p. [231].

IV. Volva and ring absent. Veil very evident—at least in a young state—as a felty coating, which breaks up during expansion of the pileus into patches, cottony, squamulose, fibrillose or mealy. Not glistening nor micaceous. p. [231].

V. Volva and ring absent. Pileus covered with glistening micaceous particles when young. p. [236].