LEUCOSPORAE.

  1. I. Haplophyllae.
    Margin of gills acute; i.e. not longitudinally split or grooved.
    1. * Molles. More or less fleshy, soft, and soon decaying or shrivelling (not corky, woody, or rigid).
      1. + Ring, or volva, or both present, or gills free.
      2. Amanita. Volva and ring present. Gills usually free, rarely adnexed or adnate. (Volva sometimes not evident round base of stem, but loose patches on pileus prove its presence.)
      3. Amanitopsis. Volva present, ring absent; gills free.
      5. Lepiota. Ring present, volva absent; gills free. (In some sp. the ring is imperfect, and in a few the gills are slightly attached.)
      6. Hiatula. Gills free; volva and ring absent.
      7. Armillaria. Ring present, volva absent; gills attached.
      8. ++ Gills adnexed or adnate; ring and volva absent.
      9. Tricholoma. Gills sinuate; stem fleshy.
      10. Russula. Pileus fleshy; gills very rigid, brittle.
      11. Mycena. Pileus slender, campanulate, usually striate, margin straight and adpressed to stem when young.
      12. Collybia. Pileus rather fleshy, more or less plane, margin incurved when young; stem cartilaginous outside.
      13. Marasmius. Tough, drying up and reviving when moistened; gills often connected by veins.
      14. +++ Gills decurrent.
      15. Lactarius. Gills and flesh exuding milk when broken. (In some sp. the gills are adnate.)
      16. Hygrophorus. Gills thick at the base, edge acute, rather waxy, often branched; pileus often hygrophanous. (In some sp. the gills are adnate or even free.)
      17. Clitocybe. Gills thin, pliant, sometimes powdered with the spores; stem fibrous outside.
      18. Omphalia. Gills thin, pliant, stem cartilaginous outside.
      19. Pleurotus. Growing on wood. Stem lateral or excentric when present.
      20. Cantharellus. Gills narrow, edge thick, rather waxy, forking.
      21. Arrhenia. Gills reduced to very slight wrinkles or veins.
      22. Nyctalis. Gills thick, edge blunt. Parasitic on fungi, or among dead leaves, &c.
    2. ** Tenaces. Coriaceous, corky, or woody, persistent, rigid when dry.
    3. Lentinus. Pileus coriaceous; gills decurrent, edge toothed or eroded.
    4. Panus. Pileus coriaceous; gills decurrent, edge quite entire.
    5. Xerotus. Pileus coriaceous; gills forking, edge thick.
    6. Lenzites. Horizontal, sessile, woody or corky; gills radiating from behind.
  2. II. Schizophyllae.
    Margin of gills split open.
  3. Trogia. Gills resembling folds or wrinkles, edge grooved. (In the only European species the edge of gills not grooved.)
  4. Schizophyllum. Margin of gills split, the split portions rolling outwards.

Abbreviations used.

Cm. = centimetres; compr. = compressed; decur. = decurrent; depr. = depressed; exp. = expanded; g. = gills; hygr. = hygrophanous; infundib. = infundibuliform; mm. = millimetres; p. = pileus; s. = stem; sp. = spores; umb. = umbonate; umbil. = umbilicate.

The measurement given of the stem is that of its average length; that of the pileus, its average breadth when expanded. The measurement of the spores is given in micro-millimetres, usually indicated by the Greek letter µ.

AMANITA, Fries.

  1. * Margin of volva free, persistent.
    1. + Pileus red or deep orange.
    2. [caesarea, Scop. P. hemispherical then exp. orange or red, edge striate, flesh yellowish; g. yellow; s. stout, yellow, ring and volva lax; sp. 8-10 × 6. Edible.
    3. ++ Pileus white, sometimes tinged yellow or green.
    4. virosa, Fr. Entirely white. P. 8-11 cm. conical, then expanded; viscid when moist; g. free, crowded; s. 10-12 cm. slightly thinner upwards, squamulose, ring near apex, torn, volva large, lax; sp. subglobose, 8-10. Poisonous.
    5. phalloides, Fr. P. 7-10 cm. viscid, obtuse, white, tinted yellow or greenish; g. free, white; s. 7-10 cm. white, tapering upwards, bulbous, ring large, volva large, margin irreg. free; sp. subglobose, 7-8. Poisonous.
    6. mappa, Fr. Smell strong. P. 6-9 cm. convex then expanded, dry, white or yellowish, usually with patches of the volva; g. adnexed, white; s. 5-8 cm. white, bulbous, ring torn, volva without a large, free margin; sp. subglobose, 7-9. Poisonous.
    7. Differs from A. phalloides in shorter equal stem.
    8. [ovoidea, Bull. White. P. silky, margin incurved, even; s. squamulose.
    9. [coccola, Scop. White; margin of p. incurved, sulcate; s. villose; sp. 11-12 × 8.
    10. [lepiotoides, Barla. At first entirely closed in brown volva. P. exp. edge striate, squamulose, whitish, cuticle broken into greyish tawny areolae or scales; g. broad, whitish, brownish when bruised; s. yellowish-white, squamulose, ring thin, fugacious.
    11. +++ Pileus yellow, sometimes tinged red.
    12. [junquillea, Q. P. pale orange or lemon yellow, viscid, deeply striate; g. adnexed; s. and fugacious ring yellowish-white, base ovoid-bulbous, volva circumscissile.
    14. [vernalis, Gillet. P. exp. pale dingy yellow with tinge of red, with scattered white scales; g. free, white, broadest in front; s. white, squamulose below the ring, base bulbous, volva ample margin free. In early spring.
    15. [lutea, Otth. P. conical, exp. yellow or yellowish ochre, edge invol. slightly striate, disc papillose, viscid, usually with broad scattered scales; g. white, crowded; s. rather narrowed upwards, base bulbous, ring thin, white, volva membranous.
    16. ++++ Pileus brownish or grey.
    17. [porphyria, A. & S. P. brownish or with a violet tinge; g. adnexed; s. slender, ring distant brownish; sp. 8-10.
    18. recutita, Fr. P. 6-9 cm. soon expanded, dry, glabrous, fragments of volva present as a rule, grey or brownish; g. forming lines down the stem; s. narrowed upwards, silky, white, ring distant, white, edge of volva not free; sp. ——.
    19. Differs from A. porphyria in ring not being tinged brown.
    20. [cinerea, Bresad. Small. P. conico-campan. edge striate, livid-grey; g. free, crowded, white, edge fimbriate; s. equal, almost glabrous, partly hollow, colour of p., ring apical, persistent, white; volva free, sheathing, limb lobed, whitish; sp. 10-12 × 8.
  2. ** Volva without a free loose margin, or almost obsolete.
    1. + Pileus red, reddish-brown or dingy brown.
    2. muscaria, Fr. P. 12-18 cm. soon plane, striate, viscid, scarlet or orange with white patches; gills forming lines down the stem, white; s. 10-14 cm. stout, white, ring lax, volva broken up into concentric ridges; sp. 8 × 5. Poisonous.
    3. var. regalis, Fr. Large. P. liver-colour.
    4. var. formosa, Pers. P. yellow or tawny orange, scales usually absent; s. elongated, yellowish.
    5. var. umbrina, Viv. P. umber or livid, disc fuscous; s. hollow. A slender form.
    6. rubescens, Fr. P. 8-12 cm. convex then expanded, dingy red-brown, sprinkled with small pale warts, flesh brownish when broken; g. whitish, forming lines down the stem; s. 7-10 cm. stout, narrowed upwards, squamulose, whitish, ring large, bulbous base concentrically grooved; sp. 8 × 6. Edible.
    7. [roseola, Steinh. P. exp. rosy, with rosy mealy warts or naked, flesh rosy; g. crowded, adnexed, white; s. cylindrical, somewhat bulbous, with rufous squamules below ring, volva obsolete; sp. 8-9 × 5-6.
    8. [Eliae, Q. P. reddish-lilac, margin sulcate; g. adnexed; s. white, striate, volva obsolete; sp. 11 long.
    9. magnifica, Fr. P. 8-12 cm. soon almost plane, striate, reddish-brown or bay, with mealy patches, flesh reddish; g. slightly decurrent; s. 10-14 cm. bulbous, nearly equal, scaly and coloured like pileus up to the large ring; sp. 7-8 × 5.
    10. Very close to Armillaria.
    11. megalodactyla, Berk. Strong scented. P. 5-8 cm. soon expanded, subgibbous, reddish-grey; g. free, becoming tinged red; s. 8-12 cm. rather bulbous, fibrillose, white, ring large; sp. 5 × 3.
    12. aspera, Fr. P. 6-8 cm. soon plane, dusky olive, livid, or brownish, with small, crowded, angular warts, flesh reddish under the cuticle; g. free; s. 5-8 cm. white, squamulose, bulb rugulose, ring entire; sp. 8 × 6.
    13. var. Francheti, Boud. P. pale yellowish-green with golden warts; sp. 10 × 8.
    14. excelsa, Fr. P. 9-12 cm. soon plane, viscid, brownish-grey, warts greyish, soon disappearing; g. free, white; s. 10-12 cm. squamose up to the imperfect ring, and base bulbous, no free edge to volva; sp. 8-9 × 5-6. Poisonous.
    15. pantherina, Fr. P. 7-10 cm. soon plane, viscid, striate, yellow-brown, grey, or whitish, with flat mealy warts; g. free but close to stem, white; s. 10-14 cm. bulbous, whitish, silky, ring distant, extreme edge of volva free, sp. 8 × 5.
    16. [valida, Fr. P. dark, with mucronate dark pointed warts; g. running down stem in lines.
    17. spissa, Fr. P. 7-10 cm. soon plane, umber or grey with small grey warts, flesh persistently white; g. running in lines down stem, white; s. 6-8 cm. white, bulbous, slightly rooting, concentrically cracked or squamulose, ring large; sp. 9-10 × 6.
    18. ++ Pileus clear yellow or orange.
    19. aureola, Kalchb. P. 7-10 cm. soon plane, orange or golden, viscid, naked; g. free; s. 8-12 cm. slender, white, floccosely-squamulose, ring sup. volva marginate; sp. ——.
    20. citrina, Gon. & Rab. P. convex, obtuse, 8-12 cm. bright yellow with white patches; g. white, broad, free; s. 10-12 cm. long, stout, white, volva imperfect, ring large; sp. globose, warted, 6-7.
    21. [amici, Gill. P. conical, then obtusely umb., striate, slightly viscid, yellowish ochre, disc brownish and covered with large irreg. greyish persistent patches; g. free, ventricose, narrowed at both ends; s. hollow, bulbous, ring small inf., no free edge to volva.
    22. +++ Pileus whitish or greyish.
    23. nitida, Fr. P. 8-10 cm. hemispherical, whitish, with thick, angular, brownish warts; g. free, crowded; s. 7-9 cm. conical, bulbous, squamulose, white, ring torn; sp. ——.
    24. solitaria, Bull. 8-12 cm. soon plane, whitish or tinged rufous, warts angular, small, floccose, easily removed; g. white, broad, narrowed behind and adnexed; s. 7-10 cm. with imbricated scales below, ring torn, base swollen, rooting, volva marginate; sp. 7-12 × 5-6.
    25. echinocephala, Vitt. White. P. convex then plane, shining, bristling with acute, deciduous pyramidal warts; g. adnexed; s. solid, scaly, base bulbous, rooting, ring distant; sp. 10 diam.
    26. [Persoonii, Fr. P. greyish-white, margin even; g. free; s. solid, nearly equal, rooting.
    27. [arida, Fr. P. soon plane, grey, margin sulcate; g. adnexed; s. subglabrous, ring distant, volva absent.
    28. strobiliformis, Vitt. P. 10-20 cm. convex then expanded, white, grey, or dingy ochre, with large pyramidal, hard warts; g. free; s. floccosely scaly, bulbous, ring large, torn, volva forming concentric rings; sp. 13-14 × 8-9.
    29. [cariosa, Fr. P. soft, even, umber or dark grey, with mealy patches; g. adnate; s. equal throughout; sp. 10 long.

AMANITOPSIS, Roze.