An Essay on Mediæval Economic Teaching

by George O'Brien

Cabet, 42. Caepolla, 108, 118, 120. Cajetan, 65, 79. on the Summa, 68. Calippe, Abbé, 49, 62. on Thomas Aquinas, 68. Calixtus III., Pope, decree regarding rent, 205. Cambium, 155. conditions justifying, 157. dealt with by Brants, 159. minutum, 157, 158. motives justifying, 157. per litteras, 157, 158. siccum, 157. the three kinds of, 157, 158. when justifiable, not a loan, 158. Campsor, the, his remuneration approved, 156. Canon law the source of knowledge of Christian economic teaching, 13. Canonist doctrine, dealt with by Sir W. Ashley, 2. Dr. Cunningham's estimate of its importance, 27. its impracticability demonstrated by Endemann, 20. value of the study of, 29. Canonists, the, 117. Capital, question of the productivity of, 198 et seq. Carletus, 120, 150, 193, 211. Carlyle, Dr., 44, 58, 63. Castro, Paul, 208. Catholic Encyclopaedia, The, definition of 'Middle Ages,' 3. on Communism, 46. on Just Price, 112, 126. on Political Economy, 30. on Population, 225. on Slavery, 90, 100. Cato, 162. Cattle-breeding, see Agriculture. Census constitutivus, 203. reservativus, 203. Centesima, the maximum rate of interest in Borne, 161. Cesana, montes pietatis at, 196. Champagny, 80. Change, see Cambium. Chevallier, 20. Christ, 42, 231. a working man, 137. attitude to manual labour, 223. attitude to private property and communism, 47. teaching regarding slavery, 89. Christendom, economic unity of, 11. Christian economic teaching, 13. economists, their attempts to reinstitute mediæval economics, 228. Christian Monitor, The, 139. Christian Exhortation, The, on the protection of the farmer, 143. Christianity, as providing an ethical basis of society, 31. attitude to manual labour, 137, 223. attitude to slavery, 88. foundations and origin of its code of social justice, 229. Christianity, influence in abolition of Roman slavery, 99 et seq. possibility of adopting ethics without dogmas of, 229. reformation of family life by, 226. relation of economic teaching of, to socialism, 33. social theory of, 12. Church, economic teaching of the mediæval, 12. the, attitude to commerce at end of the Middle Ages, 152. the, attitude to monies pietatis, 197. the, effect of economic teaching of, on material progress, 223. the, necessity for understanding economic teaching of, 32. the, principles followed by, in fixing price, 114. the, prohibition of usury not peculiar to, 160. the, socialist view of its teaching on usury, 198. the early, 230. the early teaching on usury, 167 et seq. Cicero, 56, 58, 162. Civil Law, Commentaries on, a source of knowledge of Christian economic teaching, 13. Civilisation, result of its advance in the thirteenth century, 15. Classical economists, recent reaction against, 29. Cleary, Dr., 35, 135, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 185, 186, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193, 196, 197, 205. Clement of Alexandria, see St. Clement. of Rome, see St. Clement. Clergy, the, and usury, 169. the, prohibition of trading by, 151. Coinage, see Money. Collegantia, 207. Colloquy of Archbishop Alfric, The, 149. Commenda, the, 206. Commendatarius, the, 207. Commendator, the, 207. Common estimation, of just price not the final criterion, 134. Commerce, attitude of later fifteenth century to, 150. attitude of mediæval theologians to, 136. attitude of the Church at end of Middle Ages, 152. condemnation of, by early Christians, 145. condemnation of, by scholastics, 146. dangerous to virtue, 145, 151. definition of, 144. extension of, in thirteenth century, 15. factors making for its illegality, 151. gradual change of mediæval attitude to, 152. justification of, not based on payment for labour, 154. legitimacy dependent on methods, 146. legitimacy dependent on motives, 148. motives regarded as justifying, 153. necessity for, realised, 147. necessity of controlling its operations, 154. not dealt with by early writers, 13. position in the artes possessivae, 143. prohibition of speculative, 151. rules applying to, defined by Nider, 150. Communism, alleged, of early Christians, 43. not part of scholastic teaching, 66. Community of user, doctrine of, 85. no relation to modern socialistic communism, 86. Commutations, see Exchange. Compensation, for failure to repay loans by date stipulated, 185. for profit hindered, 189. Competition, effect of unrestricted, 31. Comte, his definition of 'Middle Ages' followed by Dr. Ingram, 3. Conquerors, their right to enslavement of the conquered adopted by Aquinas, 96. Constantine, 43. Constantinople, fall of, regarded as end of the Middle Ages, 4. Consumption, regulation of, 32. wise, importance of, 227. wise, the aim of mediæval teaching, 223. Contract, Thomas Aquinas on, 38. Corinthians, Epistle to the, 48. Corpus Juris Canonici, 13, 146. Cossa, L.,5, 6, 17, 108, 220. Credit, 119. Crusades, the, influence of, 15. the, influence on trade, 146. Cunningham, Dr. W., 2, 9, 10, 11, 13, 23, 24, 26, 27, 79, 116, 122, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 138, 139, 152, 212, 218. Currency, see Money. Cyprian, 168, 170. attitude to property, 50.

Damnum emergens, 185, 196.
nature of, 186.
universal admission of, 187.
Dante, 216.
De Regimine Principum, doubtful authorship of, 20.
Delisle, 27.
Démocratie Chrétienne, 199.
Deposit, Thomas Aquinas on, 38.
Desbuquois, Abbé, 36, 39, 104, 110, 116, 120.
Deuteronomy, 163.
Devas, 30, 49, 226.
Dictionary of Political Economy, 30, 105, 112, 135, 212.
Dictionnaire de Théologie, 45.
Didache, the, attitude to usury, 168, 170.
Diocletian rescript, regarding sales, 104.
Distribution, just, the aim of mediæval teaching, 223.
need for just, 31, 227.
regulation of, 32.
Dominicans, the, 195, 196.
Dominium eminens of the State, 69.
Donatus, 14.
Dublin Review, The, 43.
Duns Scotus, 149, 185, 188, 192.
Dureau de la Malle, 225.

Ecclesiastes, 151.
Eck, 211.
'Economic,' interpretation of, 3, 6 et seq.
'Economic Man,' imaginary figure conceived by classical economists, 8.
Economic Review, The, 44.
Economics, causes of lack of interest in, 14.
Elvira, the Council of, decree against usury, 169.
Emperor, the, temporal vicar of God, 11.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, The, definition of 'Middle Ages,' 4.
Endemann, 19, 20, 23, 27, 34, 108, 120, 124, 134, 151, 155, 157, 158,
177, 186, 187, 190, 191, 195, 196, 203, 204, 216, 218.
Ephesians, Epistle to the, 89.
Equality, of men, 94.
Esdras, 165.
Espinas, A., 8, 17, 163, 197, 218.
Essenes, the, and communism, 47.
Ethics, error of disregarding in economics, 29.
Eve, see Adam and.
Exchange, regulation of, 32.
justice in, 36 et seq.
theory of, see Cambium.
Exodus, 163.
Ezekiel, 165.

Fathers, the, see Church, the early.
Favre, 173.
Feudalism, increased organisation of, in thirteenth century, 15.
Fornication, expressly forbidden by the Apostles, 168.
Franciscans, the, 195, 196.
Franciscus Patricius de Senlis, 225.
Franck, A., 20, 90, 97.
Fratricelli, the, belief in communism, 66.
Fundamentum, distinction from titulus, 64 et seq.
Funk, Dr., 113, 172, 203.

Galileo, 159.
Gand, Henri de, 110, 149.
Garden of Eden, private property in, 55.
Gasquet, 224.
Genesis, 137, 226.
Genoa, the Archbishop of, 207.
letter from Alexander III. to, 187.
Gentile, prohibition of usury between Jew and, 164.
Gentiles, prohibition of usury not imposed on converts from, 168.
taking of usury from, justified, 165.
Genucian Law, the, interest prohibited by, 160.
Gerbert, 14.
Gerdilius, 100.
Gerson, 39, 71, 104, 106, 108, 112, 118, 137, 182, 197.
Gide and Rist, 9.
Golden Age, the, private property in, 55.
Gospel, the, preached to the poor, 137.
Gospels, the, on usury, 166.
Goyau, G., 67, 224.

Haney, L.H., 2, 5, 41, 136.
Heeren, A.H.L., 146.
Hettinger, 226.
Hilary of Poictiers, 60.
Hincmar, 14.
Hiring, Thomas Aquinas on, 38.
Hogan, Dr., 43, 47, 49, 137.
Hohoff, Abbé, 114, 199.
Hostiensis, 188.
Hoyta, Henricus de, 19.
Huet, 47.
Hunter, W.A., 105, 161.
Hunting, see Agriculture.

Idleness, contrasted attitudes of ancient and Christian civilisations
to, 137.
Income, unearned, approved by scholastics, 113.
justice of, 198 et seq.
socialist theory of its injustice not supported by scholastics, 214.
recognition of, 212.
Individualism, of Christianity, 12.
Industry, development of, in thirteenth century, 15.
Ingolstadt, 211.
Ingram, Dr. J.K., 2, 3, 4, 12, 17, 18, 23, 24.
Innocent III., Pope, attitude to usury, 175.
in favour of unearned income, 207.
Insurance, a contract of, 210.
Interamna, montes pietatis at, 196.
Interesse proximum, suggested alternative term to damnum emergens,
187.
Interesse remotum, suggested alternative term to lucrum cessans, 187.
Interest, justification of, 184.
Interest, laws regarding, in Rome, 160.
taking of, disapproved by Greek and Roman philosophers, 161.
see also Usury.
Irish Ecclesiastical Record, The, 43, 47, 49, 109, 137.
Irish Theological Quarterly, The, 9, 68, 128, 129, 130, 132, 135.
Isidore, 95.
Isidore of Seville, 15.
his opinions on money regarded as final, 214.
Italian States, forced loans in the, 195.
Ivo, 169.

Janet, P.A.R., 59, 61, 89, 91, 93, 97.
Jannet, Claudio, 183.
Janssen, J., 28, 68, 86, 125, 138, 139, 141, 143, 150, 154, 224.
Jarrett, Fr., 83, 84.
Jeremiah, 165.
Jerusalem, the Church of, social system in, 44 et seq.
St. Paul's appeal for funds, 48.
the Council of, prohibition of usury not imposed on converts by, 168.
Jesuits, the, invention of trinus contractus attributed to, 211.
Jewish Encyclopaedia, The, on usury, 165.
Jews, attitude to usury, 160, 165.
prohibition of usury between, 164.
John of Salisbury, 14.
Jourdain, 5, 14, 16, 149, 176, 183, 221.
Jus abutendi, 87.
divinum, 173.
humanum, 174.
naturale, 173.
Just price, a Christian conception, 104.
authorities empowered to fix, 108.
comparison of mediæval theory with that of classical economists, 125.
difference from modern competition price, 116.
elasticity of, 117.
factors determining, 109 et seq.
Just price, fixed by common estimation, 115 et seq.
fixing of, by law, 106.
in money-lending, 179.
mediæval teaching on, 103.
necessity for adhering to, 108.
of wages, see Wages.
rules for guidance in fixing by law, 107.
nature of, 127 et seq.
value of canonical doctrine, 123.
Justinian, rates of interest fixed by, 161.
Justinian Code, 28, 172.

Kelleher, Father, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134.
Knabenbaur, 166.
Knies, 80, 114, 135.
Koran, the, the taking of interest forbidden in, 166.

Labour, as title to property, 65.
Christian teaching on its dignity, 137.
division into honourable and degrading, 141.
necessity and honourableness of all forms of, 140.
only one constituent in the estimation of just price, 157.
relative importance of, in determining value, 113.
the motives which should actuate, 153.
Lactantius, 45, 56 et seq., 91.
Langenstein, 19, 107, 111, 112, 121, 122, 124, 137, 141, 203.
Larceny Act, the, 27.
Lateran Council, the, judgment in favour of montes pietatis, 197.
Councils, the, of 1139 and 1179, declaration against usurers by, 174.
Laurentius de Rodulphis, 157, 195, 209.
Law, natural and positive, in relation to property, 64.
Le Blant, 216.
Lecky, 176, 211.
Leo the Great, 146.
Lessius, 117, 124.
Letting, Thomas Aquinas on, 38.
Levasseur, 138, 139, 224.
Leviticus, 163.
Liberalitas, its opposing vices, 74.
meaning of, 73.
Liberality, relation to justice, 73.
Lisieux, Bishop of, see Oresme, Nicholas.
List, 146, 224.
Loan, Thomas Aquinas on, 38.
Loans, analogy between sales and, 182.
forced, in the Italian States, 195.
the real nature of, 178.
Locatio operarum, 210, 213.
Logic, mediæval study of, 14.
Loria, 149.
Lucca, montes pietatis at, 196.
Lucrum cessans, 185, 186, 195, 202.
recognition of, 187 et seq.
Lyons, Council of, ordinances against usurers, 175.