Macleod, 218.
Magnificentia, duty of, 77.
Maimonides, 164.
Malthusianism, 225.
Mansi, 169.
Mantua, montes pietatis at, 196.
Manufacture, position in the artes possessivae, 142 et seq.
Marcian Capella, 15.
Marriage, attitude of Thomas Aquinas towards, 225.
Marshall, 30.
Martin V., Pope, his bull on rent, 204.
Marx, Karl, theory of value not supported by scholastics, 113, 114.
Mastrofini, his interpretation of a verse of St. Luke, 166.
Maximian, rescript regarding sales, 105.
Mayronis, François de, 149, 156.
Mediæval, interpretation of, 3 et seq.
Menger, Anton, 199.
Merchant, the, necessity for control of, see Commerce.
Metz-Noblat, de, 183.
Meyer, Rudolph, 198.
Middle Ages, definition of the term by various authorities, 3 et seq.
early writers of, no reference to economic questions, 13.
Milan, 211.
Mohammed, prohibition of usury by his followers, 160.
Mohammedans, taking of interest by, forbidden, 166.
Monasteries, the, their example in manual labour, 138, 223.
Money, as a form of capital, 201.
a vendible commodity, 158.
changing, see Cambium.
different kinds of variation of, 219 et seq.
ignorance of early Middle Ages regarding, 214 et seq.
invention of, 103.
most suitable metals for, 219.
not discussed by early mediæval writers, 14.
sterility of, 180.
the sovereign's power in relation to, 219.
treatment of, by Isidore of Seville, 15.
utility of, as treated by Aristotle, 16.
variations in value of, 216 et seq.
value of, not to be changed unnecessarily, 219.
Monopolies, mediæval views on, 124.
Montes pietatis, 194.
attitude of the Church to, 197.
controversy over interest charged by, 196.
Montes profani, 195 et seq.
Moral theology, 130.
Morality, economic, in the Middle Ages, 10.
More, Sir Thomas, 48.
Mosheim, 44.
Munificence, duty of, 77.
Mutuum, 202, 210, 213, 214.
nature of, 178, 183.
risk involved in, 192.
Natural rights, distinction between absolute and commensurate
in slavery, 95.
Navarrus, 190.
Necessaries, two kinds distinguished by Thomas Aquinas, 83.
Neumann, 182.
New Testament, the, 176.
cited in support of prohibition of usury, 174.
Nice, Council of, on usury, 169, 170.
Nicholas v., Pope, bull on personal rent charges, 205.
Nider, 39, 110, 118, 134, 150, 181, 193.
Nitti, F.S., 43, 69.
Noel, Conrad, 49.
Numa, as origin of 'nummi,' 15.
Occupancy, as title to property, 65.
Old Testament, the, 176.
attitude to usury, 163, 165.
cited in support of prohibition of usury, 174.
Oresme, Nicholas, 143, 215, 216, 219.
his influence, 221.
his work on money, 214, 217 et seq.
Origen, 45.
Orvieto, first montes pietatis started at, 196.
Ownership, see Property.
Padua, montes pietatis at, 196.
Palgrave, 30, 105, 112, 135, 212.
Parma, montes pietatis at, 196.
Partnership, division of remuneration, 209.
scholastic teaching on, 202, 205 et seq.
the two kinds of, 209.
Parvificentia, a sin, 77, 78.
Patria, potestas, 226.
Pelagius, views condemned by Council, A.D. 415, 61.
Pennafort, Raymond de, 27, 149.
Periculum sortis, 191, 192, 212.
Périn, 183, 226.
Perugia, montes pietatis at, 196.
Philip the Fair, his method of increasing the revenue, 216.
Philosophers, the, their condemnation of usury, 161.
Pigonneau, 146.
Plato, his objection to usury, 161.
Plutarch, attitude to usury, 163.
Poena conventionalis, 185.
difference from interest, 186.
Political economy, errors of classical school, 8.
difference between mediæval and modern methods, 6.
Pope, the, his denunciation of Philip the Fair, 216.
the spiritual vicar of God, 10.
Popes, the, and almsgiving, 69.
pronouncements by, on rent, 204.
their protection of montes pietatis, 197.
Population, mediæval attitude to, 224.
Poverty, as the cause of sin, 78.
Prescription, as title to property, 65.
Price, just, see Just price.
Priscian, 14.
Prodigality, an offence against liberality, 79.
a sin towards the individual and the community, 78.
distinction from liberality, 76.
Production, an honourable vocation, 226.
cost of, as a factor in determining value, 111 et seq.
extended, the aim of mediæval teaching, 223.
regulation of, 32.
Professions, see Labour.
Profit, of the campsor to be determined by just price, 158.
'Profiteer,' the, doctrine of just price a weapon against, 125.
Profiteering, prohibition of, 151.
Property, duties attaching to, 69.
duties in respect of exchange of, 102.
immovable, rule for determining value, 120.
in human beings, 88.
private, duties attaching to, 40.
right of, 39.
teaching of mediæval Church, 41 et seq.
the foundation of mediæval economics, 40.
the keystone of economic system of later theologians, 66.
Proverbs, 165.
Prutz, 146.
Psalms, 137, 165, 171.
Rabanas Mauras, 14.
Rambaud, 7, 8, 13, 80, 87, 100, 114, 146, 151, 182, 183, 188, 197,
203, 213, 215.
Reformation, the, 211.
attacks on monastic life during, 138.
Renaissance, the, 218.
Rent, pronouncements on, by the Popes, 204.
refusal to pay, in Breslau, 204.
scholastic teaching on, 202 et seq.
Revue Archéologique, La, 61.
Riches, the early Church on their abuse, 53.
Rickaby, 75.
Risk, remuneration for, 152, 157, 191.
Rist, see Gide.
Roman Empire, the, fall of, regarded as beginning of Middle Ages, 3.
jurists, their views on slavery accepted by Thomas Aquinas, 94.
Romans, Epistle to the, 48.
Rome, condemnation of usury by the philosophers of, 162.
laws regarding interest in, 160.
Numa, King of, 15.
policy of, enforced by clergy, 11.
the attitude to manual labour in, 137.
Roscher, W.G.F., 5, 13, 19, 34, 46, 48, 87, 88, 107, 108, 112, 114,
121, 125, 142, 163, 166, 172, 186, 204, 215, 217.
Ryan, Dr. J.A., 49, 74, 117, 123, 135.
Sabatier, 223.
St. Ambrose, 49, 52, 60, 82, 171.
quoted by Aquinas, 71.
St. Anselm, 14.
St. Anthony, advice to his followers, 223.
St. Augustine, 49, 57, 60, 63, 92, 93, 97, 98, 105, 146, 154, 172, 224.
theory of slavery analysed by Janet, 93.
views on slavery accepted by Aquinas, 94 et seq.
St. Barnabas, 45.
St. Basil, 49, 153, 171, 224.
quoted by Aquinas, 71.
St. Benedict, 152.
Rule of, 224.
St. Clement of Alexandria, 45, 49, 54, 168, 170.
St. Clement of Rome, 49, 54.
St. Cyprian, 45, 50, 168, 170.
St. Gregory Nazianzen, 54.
St. Gregory of Nyssa, 171.
St. Gregory the Great, 49.
St. Hilary, 171.
St. Isidore, 62.
St. Jerome, 49, 145, 171, 224.
St. John Chrysostom, 49, 51, 52.
St. Joseph, represented as a carpenter, 139.
St. Justin, 45.
St. Justin Martyn, 49.
St. Lucian, 45.
St. Luke, 82.
St. Luke, doubtful meaning of a verse in, 168.
interpretation of a doubtful verse in, 168, 171.
St. Macharius, 223.
St. Matthew, 38, 47.
St. Pachomius, 223.
St. Paul, 137.
attitude to private property and communism, 48.
on possession, cited by St. Augustine, 60.
teaching on slavery, 89.
followed by Christian teachers, 90.
St. Peter, 46.
teaching on slavery, 89.
St. Peter Damian, 83.
St. Thomas, see Thomas Aquinas.
Sale, Roman law as applied to, 104.
Thomas Aquinas on, 38.
treatment by fifteenth-century writers, 18.
Sales, analogy between loans and, 182.
Salvador, 48.
Salvian, 55.
Sapphira, 46, 52.
Saturnus, result of banishment from heaven, 56.
Saving, an act of liberality, 72 et seq.
Scherer, 146.
Scotus, Duns, see Duns.
Scotus Erigenus, 14.
Semaine Sociale de France, La, 49, 62, 68, 104, 111.
Seneca, 59, 89, 90.
view of usury, 163.
Serfdom, 99.
Sertillanges, 80.
Servus, St. Augustine's theory of origin, 93.
Sevona, montes pietatis at, 196.
Sicily, personal rent charges permitted in, 205.
Sidgwick, Professor Henry, 29, 31.
Sinigaglia, 225.
Sixtus V., Pope, condemnation of trinus contractus, 211.
Slater, Father, 109, 128, 129, 130.
Slavery, analogy with property, 97.
attitude of Christianity to, 88.
limits of master's rights, 100.
three kinds of, 99.
views of Christian Church and philosophers reconciled by
Aquinas, 93 et seq.
Smith, Adam, 29.
Societas, 206, 207, 210, 213.
Socialism, as providing an ethical basis of society, 31.
danger of, 32.
relation of its economic teaching to Christianity, 33.
Socialists, claim to authority of the early Christians, 49 et seq.
attempts to construct Utopia, 228.
their communism not the 'community of user' advocated by
scholastics, 86.
their interpretations of St. Augustine, 58.
their main principles, 230.
their philosophy at variance with Christianity, 231.
their principles not derived from mediæval teaching, 230.
their view of the Church's teaching on usury, 198.
Socius stans, 207.
Solon, laws of, as affecting usury, 160.
Songe du Vergier, 225.
Stagyrite, the, see Aristotle.
Stoic tradition, the, 58.
Stoicism, inferiority to Christian teaching on slavery, 89.
Stoics, the, 93.
Stintzing, 20.
Sudre, 47, 48.
Summa Angelica, 186.
Astesana, 186.
Pisana, 156.
Superabundance, relativity of, 75.
'Teaching,' interpretation of, 3, 19 et seq.
mediæval, its relation to practice, 21.
ethical nature of, 27.
Temperance, in the use of goods, 70.
Tertullian, 45, 49, 145, 168, 170.
Thessalonians, Epistle to the, 137.
Thirteenth century, progress made in the, 15.
Thomas Aquinas, 7, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 36, 41, 42, 46, 52, 62
et seq., 67, 69, 70, 71 et seq., 74 et seq., 77, 78, 80, 81,
82, 83, 84, 85, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101, 105, 111, 112, 114,
117, 119, 121, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147,
148, 149, 150, 151, 154, 156, 162, 167, 173, 174, 176, 182, 186,
188, 189, 193, 194, 195, 197, 206, 207, 208, 215, 230.
Ticinum, Synod of, decree on usury, 173.
Tillage, see Agriculture.
Time, the sale of, 182.
Timothy, 151.
Titulus, distinction from fundamentum, 64.
Tractatus Universi Juris, 19.
Tradesman, see Commerce.
Trade, see Commerce.
Troplong, 226.
Trinus contractus, 210, 211.
Trithemius, 85, 124, 137, 149.
Twelve Tables, the, maximum rate of interest fixed by, 160.
Unciarum foenus, doubtful meaning of, 160.
Usufruct, Aquinas on, 38.
Usurers, see Usury.
Usury and the clergy, 169.
a sin against justice, 175.
attitude of the Apostles, 168.
attitude of various religious and legal systems, 160.
borrowing at, circumstances justifying, 194.
broader basis of discussion after twelfth century, 173.
dealt with by ecclesiastical courts, 175.
condemned by Councils, 13.
by philosophers, 161, 162.
as a sin against charity, 168, 171.
controversies over prohibition, 159.
definition of, by Lateran Council, 197.
doubt as to Gospel teaching on, 167.
Usury, ecclesiastical legislation on, 174.
inconclusive teaching of the early Church, 172.
increased payment for credit regarded as, 119.
injustice of, according to Aristotle, 16.
in the Old Testament, 163.
not suppressed by civil law, 172.
patristic and episcopal utterances in favour of, 172.
not permitted by civil authorities, 197 et seq.
popular attitude to, 163.
prohibition of, 133, 173, 183, 184.
proof of justice of unearned income, 213.
position in canonist doctrine, 33.
not imposed on converts from Gentiles, 168.
secular legislation in favour of, declared void, 175.
teaching of the early Church, 167 et seq.
treatment by fifteenth-century writers, 18.
Value, factors determining, 129.
not systematically treated till fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries, 111.
See also Price.
Vaudois, the, belief in communism, 66.
Verona, montes pietatis at, 196.
Vienne, Council of, 175.
Vio, Thomas da, 196.
Virgin, the Blessed, represented spinning, 139.
Virginity, recommended for the few, 225.
Viterbo, montes pietatis at, 196.
Wages, rules determining, 120.
as factor in cost of production, 111.
attitude of mediæval and modern working classes towards
fixing, 126 et seq.
fixed by a public authority, 121.
Wages, paucity of authority on, before sixteenth century, 121.
Wallon, 90, 137, 140.
Wealth, theory of, according to Aristotle, 16.
Wealth, not an end in itself, 80.
Weber, 206.
William of Paris, 176.
Wolowski, 216, 217, 221.