No. 65 ([page 528, first paragraph]). The opening of a channel across Cape Cod would have, though perhaps to a smaller extent, the same effects in interchanging the animal life of the southern and northern shores of the isthmus, as in the case of the Suez canal; for although the breadth of Cape Cod does not anywhere exceed twenty miles, and is in some places reduced to one, it appears from the official reports on the Natural History of Massachusetts, that the population of the opposite waters differs widely in species.
Not having the original documents at hand, I quote an extract from the Report on the Invertebrate Animals of Mass., given by Thoreau, Excursions, p. 69: "The distribution of the marine shells is well worthy of notice as a geological fact. Cape Cod, the right arm of the Commonwealth, reaches out into the ocean some fifty or sixty miles. It is nowhere many miles wide; but this narrow point of land has hitherto proved a barrier to the migration of many species of mollusca. Several genera and numerous species, which are separated by the intervention of only a few miles of land, are effectually prevented from mingling by the Cape, and do not pass from one side to the other * * * * Of the one hundred and ninety-seven marine species, eighty-three do not pass to the south shore, and fifty are not found on the north shore of the Cape."
Probably the distribution of the species of mollusks is affected by unknown local conditions, and therefore an open canal across the Cape might not make every species that inhabits the waters on one side common to those of the other; but there can be no doubt that there would be a considerable migration in both directions.
The fact stated in the report may suggest an important caution in drawing conclusions upon the relative age of formations from the character of their fossils. Had a geological movement or movements upheaved to different levels the bottoms of waters thus separated by a narrow isthmus, and dislocated the connection between those bottoms, naturalists, in after ages, reasoning from the character of the fossil faunas, might have assigned them to different, and perhaps very widely distant, periods.
No. 66 ([page 548, first paragraph]). To the geological effects of the thickening of the earth's crust in the Bay of Bengal, are to be added those of thinning it on the highlands where the Ganges rises. The same action may, as a learned friend suggests to me, even have a cosmical influence. The great rivers of the earth, taken as a whole, transport sediment from the polar regions in an equatorial direction, and hence tend to increase the equatorial diameter, and at the same time, by their inequality of action, to a continual displacement of the centre of gravity, of the earth. The motion of the globe and of all bodies affected by its attraction, is modified by every change of its form, and in this case we are not authorized to say that such effects are in any way compensated.
INDEX
Abbeys of St. Germain and St. Denis, revenues of, [6].
Adirondack forest, [235];
lakes of, [357].
Ailanthus glandulosa, [515].
Akaba, gulf of, infiltration of fresh water in, [440].
Albano, lake of, artificial lowering of, [353].
Algeria, deserts of, artesian wells in, [443];
sand dunes of, [463];
consolidated dunes, [480].
Alpaca, South American, [83].
Amazon, Indians of, [11].
Ameland, island of, [499].
America, North, primitive physical condition of, [27], [43];
forests of, [28];
possibility of noting its physical changes, [52];
by scientific observation, [53];
forest trees of, [274];
sand dunes of, [469];
proposed changes in hydrography of, [532].
Animal life, sympathy of ruder races with, [39];
instinct, fallibility of, [40];
hostility of civilized man to inferior forms of, [121].
Animals, wild, action of on vegetation, [78].
Aphis, the European, [104].
Apennines, effects of felling the woods on, [150], [152].
Appian way, the, [542].
Aqueducts, geographical and climatic effects of, [358].
Arabia Petræa, surface drainage of, [440];
sandstone of, [452];
sands and petrified wood of, [455];
wadies of, [538].
Aragua, valley of, Venezuela, [202].
Ararat, Mt., phenomenon of vegetation on, [287].
Ardèche, l', department of, [152];
destruction of forests in, [389].
— river and basin, floods of, [386];
supply of water to the Rhone, [388], [398];
violence of inundations of, [388];
damage done by, [390];
effect on river beds, [391];
force of its affluents, [392].
Argostoli, Cephalonia, millstreams of, [434].
Armenia, ancient irrigation of, [366].
Arno, the river, deposits of, [414];
upper course of in the Val di Chiana, [417], [420].
Artesian wells, their sources, [441];
usual objects, [442];
occasional effects, [442];
employment in the Algerian desert, [443];
by the French Government, [444];
success and probable results of, [445];
known to the ancients, [443];
depth of, [444].
Arundo arenaria, [501].
Ascension, island of, [205].
Auk, the wingless, extirpation of, [95].
Australia a field of physical observation, [51].
Avalanches, Alpine, various causes of, [266];
by felling trees, [270].
Azoff, sea of, proposed changes, [531].
Babinet, plan for artificial springs, by, [448].
Baikal Lake, the fish of, [117].
Baltic Sea, sand dunes of, [467].
Barcelonette, valley of, former fertility, [243];
present degradation of, [244].
Bavaria, scarcity of fuel in, [299].
Bear, the mythical character of, [40].
Beaver, the, agency in forming bogs, [31];
cause of its increased numbers, [84].
Bee, the honey, products of, [105];
introduction in United States, [106].
Belgium, effect of plantations in, [152];
Campine of, [513].
Ben Gâsi, district of, rock formation in, [537].
Bergamo, change of climate in the valley of, [151].
Bibliographical list of authorities, vii.
Birch tree (black and yellow), produce of, [171].
Birds, number of, in United States, [86];
the turkey, dove, pigeon, [87];
as sowers and consumers of seeds, [87];
as destroyers of insects, [89];
injurious extirpation of, [90];
wanton destruction of, [92];
weakness of, [93];
instinct of migratory, [94];
extinction of species, [95];
commercial value of, [97];
introduction of species, [98].
Bison, the American, [78];
number and migrations of, [81], [83];
domesticated, [135].
Blackbird, the proscription of, [91].
Bogs, formation and nomenclature of, [29-32];
of New England, [29];
repositories of fuel, [30].
Brémontier, system of dune plantations of, [503];
a benefactor to his race, [515].
Breton, Cap, dune vineyards of, [508].
Busbequius' letters, [64].
Camel, the, transfer and migrations of, [83];
injurious to vegetation, [132].
Campine of Belgium, [513].
Canada thistle, the, [68].
Canals, geographic and climatic effects of, [359];
injurious effects of Tuscan, [359];
projected, Suez, [519];
Isthmus of Darien, [522];
to the Dead Sea, [524];
maritime, in Greece, [526];
Saros, [527];
Cape Cod, [528];
the Don and the Volga, [531];
Lake Erie and the Genesee, [532];
Lake Michigan and the Mississippi, [533].
Cape Cod, sand dunes of, [487];
legislative protection of, [502];
vegetation of, [503];
projected canal through, [528].
Cappercailzie, the, extinction of, in Britain, [96].
Carniola, caves of, [434].
Caspian Sea, proposed changes in its basin, [531].
Catania, lava streams of, [544].
Catavothra of Greece, [536].
Cévennes, effects of clearing the, [153].
Champlain, lake, dates of its congelation, [163].
Cherbourg, breakwater of, [46], [332].
Chiana, Val di, description and character of, [417-420];
plans for its restoration, [420];
artificial drainage of, attempted, [421];
successfully executed, [423].
Clergy, mediæval, their character, [282].
Climatic change, discussions of, [9];
how tested, [20];
causes producing, in New England, Africa, Arabia Petræa, [20-22];
man's action on, difficult to ascertain, [51];
deterioration, [71].
Coal mines, combustion of, [546].
Coal, sea, early use of, for fuel, [222];
increased use of, in Paris, [295].
Coast line, change of, from natural causes, [331];
subject to human guidance, [332].
Cochineal insect transferred to Spain, [105].
Cochituate Aqueduct, Boston, [103].
Col Isoard, valley of, devastated, [242].
Commerce, modern, on what dependent, [60].
Como, lake of, proposed lowering of, [358].
Constance, lake of, [534].
Cork-oak tree, yield of, [311].
Corporations, social and political, influence of, [54].
Cosmical influences, [13].
Cotton, early cultivation of, [61];
can be raised by white labor, [381].
Crawley Sparrow Club, [90].
Currents, sea, strength of, [456];
in the Bosphorus, [457].
Cuyahoga river, [208].
Cypress tree, its beauty, [314].
Darien, Isthmus of, proposed canal across, [522];
conjectural effects of, [523].
Dead Sea, projected canals to, [524];
possible results of, [525].
Deer, numbers of, in United States; 82;
tame, injurious to trees, [130].
Denmark, peat mosses of, [22];
dunes of, [497];
extent and movement of, [498];
legislative protection of, [501], [504].
Desert, the, richness of local color, [445];
mirage in, [446].
Des Plaines river, [533].
Despotism a cause of physical decay, [5].
Dikes, recovery of land by, in the Netherlands, [335];
early usage and immense extent of, [336];
encouraged by the Spaniards, [337];
details of their construction and effect on the land gained, [340-345];
in Egypt, [413].
Dinornis, or moa, recent extirpation of, in New Zealand, [95].
Dodo, the, extirpation of, [95].
Domestic animals, action of, on vegetation, [79];
origin and transfer of, [82];
injurious to the forest growth, [130].
Don river, proposed diversion of, [531].
Draining a geographical element, [360];
superficial, its necessity in forest lands, [363];
effect on temperature, [364];
underground, ib.;
extensive use of, in England, [362];
affects the atmosphere, [364];
disturbs the equilibrium of river supply, [365];
by boring, [362];
in France, &c., [362];
Paris, [363].
Drance, Switzerland, glacier lake of, [403].
Dry land and water, relative extent of, [178].
Dwight, Dr., Travels in the United States, characterized, [52].
Earth, fertile, below the rock, [537];
transported to cover rocky surfaces, [537].
Earthquakes, effects of, [542];
causes and possible prevention of, [543];
of Lisbon, [544].
Earthworm, utility of, in agriculture, [100];
multiplication of, in New England, [101].
Egypt, catacombs, [70];
papyrus or water lily, [70];
poisonous snakes of, [112];
supposed increase of rain in, [190];
productiveness of, [230];
necessity and extent of irrigation in, [368], [373];
cultivated soil of, [372], [374];
population of, [374];
amount of water used for irrigation, [380];
saline deposits, [382];
artificial river courses of, [402];
cultivated area of, [412];
sands of, [458];
their prevalence and extent, [459];
source of, [461];
action on the Delta and cultivated land, [462];
effect of the diversion of the Nile on, [529];
refuse heaps near Cairo, [541].
Eland, the, preserved in Prussia, [86].
Elm, the Washington, Cambridge, [146].
Elsineur, artificial formation in harbor of, [539].
England, forest economy of, [221];
large extent of ornamental plantations, [222];
Forests of, described by Cæsar, [222];
private enterprise in sylviculture, [292];
sand dunes of, [507].
Enguerrand de Coucy, cruelty of, [281].
Erie Canal, the, influence on the fauna and flora of its region, [116];
lake, depth and level of, [532];
proposed canal from, [532].
Espy's theories of artificial rain, [547].
Etna, volcanic lava and dust, [131].
Euphrates, sand plains in the valley of, [511].
Eye, cultivation of the, [11];
control of the limbs by, [12];
trained by the study of physical geography, [12].
Feudalism, pernicious influence of, [6].
Fir tree, the, its products, [311].
Fire weed, in burnt forests of the United States, [287].
Fish, destruction of, by man, [112], [114], [120], [122];
voracity of, [114];
introduction and breeding of foreign, [116];
naturalization of, [117];
inferiority of the artificially fattened, [121].
Fish, shell, extensive remains of, in United States, [117];
of Indian origin, [128].
Fish ponds of Catholic countries, [426].
Fontainebleau, forest of, [34], [130];
poaching in, [284];
its renovation, [316];
soil of, [513].
Food, ancient arts of preservation of, [18].
Forest, the, influence of, on the humidity of air, [162];
do. of earth, [165];
as organic, [166];
balance of conflicting influences in, [176];
influence on temperature, [178];
on precipitation, [181], [196];
in South America, [184];
the Canary Islands and Asia Minor, [185];
Peru, [188];
Palestine, Southern France, Scotland and Egypt, [189];
influence of, on humidity of soil, [196];
on springs, [197];
in Venezuela, [202];
New Granada, [204];
Switzerland and France, [205], [208];
United States, [207];
in winter, [210];
general consequences of its destruction, [214];
on the earth, springs, rivers, [215];
literature of, in France, [217];
Germany, [218];
Italy, [218];
England, [221];
influence of, on inundations, [223];
in North America, [225];
disputed effects of, in Europe, [228];
principal causes of its destruction, [270];
in British America, [271];
in Europe, [279];
royal forests, [280];
effects of the Revolution on, in France, [284];
utility of, for the preservation of smaller plants, [286], [290];
do. of birds, [291];
economic utility of, and necessity for its restoration, [292];
extent of, in Europe, [296];
proportion in different countries of, [300];
of the United States and Canada, [300];
economy of, [303];
management of, in France, [304];
European forests, all of artificial growth, [305];
artificial and natural, their respective advantages, [307];
American do., their peculiar characteristics, [313];
economic action of cattle on, [325];
duty of preserving, [327];
average revenue from, [327];
regulated by laws in France, [395].
See Trees, Woods.
Forests of North America, balance of geographical elements in, [27];
agency of quadrupeds and insects in, [32];
injury to, by insects, [33];
meteorological importance of, [139].
Forest laws, mediæval, character of, [217];
do. Jewish, [217];
severity of, in France and England, [280];
under Louis IX., [281];
of America, created by circumstances, [302].
France, forest literature and economy of, [217];
legislation on forests, [233];
— Southeastern, former physical state of, [237];
altered condition of, [239];
royal forests of, and forest laws, [280];
extent of, in, [296];
ancient lakes of, [357];
inundations of 1856 in, [393];
remedies against inundations in, [395];
sand dunes of Western, [485];
encroachments of the sea on, [494].
French peasantry, described by La Bruyere, [6];
do. Arthur Young, [7];
of Chambord, [283].
Friesland, sand dunes of, [489].
Fucinus Lake (Lago di Celano), drainage of, by the Romans, [354];
moderns, [355].
Game Laws, effect on the numbers of birds in France, [91];
in England and Italy, [92];
severity of, in France, [283];
unable to stop poaching, [284].
Ganges, valley of the, [548].
Gascony, coast sands of, [453];
dunes of, [496];
extent and advance of, [497];
fixing and reclaiming of, [504];
Landes of, [511];
their reclamation, [512].
Geological influences, [13].
Geographers, new school of, [8].
Geographical influence of changes produced by man, [352].
Geography, modern, improved form of, [57].
German Ocean, sands of, [454], [457].
Germany, extent of forests in, [299].
Glacier lakes in Switzerland, [403].
Goat, the Cashmere or Thibet, [83].
Gold fish, the migration from China, [116].
Goldau, Switzerland, destruction of, [268].
Grape disease, its economic effect in France, Italy, Sicily, [72].
Grasshopper, the rapid increase in America, [291].
Gravedigger beetle, the, [107].
Greece, proposed maritime canals in, through the Corinthian Isthmus, [526];
Mount Athos, [527];
subterranean waters of, [536].
Gulls, sea, habits of, [98].
Gulf stream, the, [523].
Gunpowder chiefly used for industrial purposes, [335].
Haarlem Lake, origin and extent of, [346], [347];
reasons for draining it, [348];
means employed, [349];
successful results, [350].
Hauran, the productions of, its soil, [74].
Heilbronn, springs at, [207].
Herring fishery, produce of, [120].
Hessian fly, introduction of in the United States, [104].
Honey bee, the wild, New England, legal usage, [302].
Humid air, movement of, [183].
Hunter in New England, exploits of, [82].
Ibex, the Alpine, [86].
India, saline efflorescence of its soil, [382];
natural connection of rivers in, [401].
Insects, injurious to vegetable life, [33];
utility of, [99];
agency in the fertilization of orchids, [102];
mass of their exuviæ in South America, [102];
introduction of injurious species, [104], [106];
ravages of, [105];
tenacity of life in, [106];
the carnivorous, useful to man, [107];
destruction of, by fish, [108];
abundance of, in Northern Europe, [108];
destruction of, by birds, [109];
do. quadrupeds, [110];
do. reptiles, [110];
do not multiply in the forest, [291];
confine themselves to dead trees, [322].
Inundations, influence of the forest on, [223];
of the German Ocean, [334];
means for obviating, [384];
of 1856 in France, [393];
remedies against, [395];
legislative regulation of the woodlands in France for prevention of, [396];
proposed basins of reception, [398];
do. in Peru and Spain, [400];
Rozet's plan for diminishing, [406].
Irrigation, remote date of in ancient nations, [366];
among Mexicans and Peruvians, [366];
its necessity in hot climates, [367];
in Europe, [367];
in Palestine, [368];
in Idumæa, [370];
Egypt, [371], [373];
quantity of water so applied, [376], [377];
extent of lands irrigated, [396];
effects of, [378];
on river supply, [380];
on human health, [381];
saline deposits from, in India and Egypt, [382];
effect of, on vegetable crops, [378];
on the soil, [379];
economic evils of, [379].
Islands, floating, in Holland and South America, [349], [351].
Ijssel river, Holland, [535].
Italy, effects of the denudation of its forests, [220];
political condition adverse to their preservation, [219];
beauty of its winter scenery, [314];
extent of irrigation in, [368];
atmospheric phenomena of Northern, [368].
Jupiter, satellites of, visible to the eye, [12].
Jutland, effects of felling the woods in, [150];
destruction of forests in, [279];
encroachments of the sea on, [491].
Kander river, Switzerland, artificial course of, [403].
Karst, the subterranean waters of, [536].
Kjökkenmöddinger in Denmark, [16];
their extent, [540].
Kohl, J. G., "the Herodotus of modern Europe," [340];
on dune sand, [475].
Labruguière, commune of, [208].
Læstadius, account of the Swedish Laplanders, [96].
Lakes, draining of, by steam hydraulic engines, [346];
natural process of filling up by aquatic vegetation, [349];
lowering of, in ancient and modern times, [353];
in Italy, [354];
in Switzerland, [356];
inconvenient consequences of, [356];
mountain, their disappearance, [357].
Landscape beauty, insensibility of the ancients to, [2];
of the oasis and the desert, [445].
Lava currents, diversion of their course, [544];
from Vesuvius, phenomena of, [545];
heat emitted by, [545].
Life, balance of animal and vegetable, [103].
Liimfjord, the, irruption of the sea into, [491];
aquatic vegetation of, [492];
original state of, [519].
Lion, an inhabitant of Europe, [85].
Lisbon, earthquake of, [544].
Locust, the, does not multiply in woods, [296];
tree and insect, [32].
Lombardy, statistics of irrigation in, [376].
Louis IX., of France, clemency of, [282].
Lower Alps, department of, ravages of torrents in, [246].
Lumber trade of Quebec, [271];
of United States, 1850-'60, [301].
Lungern, lake of, lowering of, [356].
Madagascar, gigantic bird of, [96];
the ai-ai of, [110].
Madder, early cultivation of, in Europe, [20].
Madeira, named from its forests, [129].
Maize, early cultivation of, law of its acclimation, [19];
native country of, [73].
Malta, transported soil of, [538];
salt works at, [540].
Man, reaction of, on nature, [8];
insufficiency of data, [9];
geographical influence of, [13];
physical revolutions wrought by, [14];
unpremeditated results of conscious action, [15];
ancient relics of, in old geological formations, [16];
mechanical effects of, on the earth's surface, [25];
destructiveness of, [35];
in animal life and inorganic nature, [36-39];
character of his action compared with that of brutes, [42];
subversive of the balance of nature, [43];
sometimes exercised for good, [44];
present limits to, [45];
transfer of vegetable life by, [59];
remains of, [76];
contemporary with the mammoth, [77];
agency in the extermination of birds, [96];
do. introduction of species, [98];
increase of insect life, [104];
introduction of new forms of do. by, [105];
destruction of fish by, [112], [120], [122];
extirpation of aquatic animals by, [119];
possible control of minute organisms, [125];
his first physical conquest, [135];
his action on land and the waters, [330];
possible geographical changes by, [517];
incidental effects of his action, [539];
illimitable and ever enduring do., [548].
Maremme of Tuscany, ancient and mediæval state of, [425];
extent of, [427];
inhabitants, [428];
improvement of, [429];
sedimentary deposits of, [425], [430].
Marine isthmuses, cutting of, [517];
its difficulties, [518];
sometimes done by nature, [519].
Marmato in Popayan, [205].
Marshes, climatic effects of draining, [358];
insalubrity of mixture of fresh and salt water in, [417].
Mechanic arts, illustration of their mutual interdependence, [307].
Medanos of the South American desert, [482].
Mediterranean Sea, tides of, [425];
sand dunes of, [467];
poor in organic life, [520].
Mella, the river, Italy, [248].
Meteorology, uncertainty and late rise of, [16], [22];
varying nomenclature of, [23];
precipitation and evaporation, [24].
Michigan, lake, sand dunes of, [467];
originally wooded, [487];
proposed diversion of its waters, [532].
Mining excavations, effects of, [545].
Minute organisms, their offices, [123];
universal diffusion and products of, [124], [127];
possible control of their agency by man, [125];
the coral insect, [125];
the diatomaceæ, [126].
Miramichi, great fire of, [28].
Mistral in France, [153].
Mississippi river, "cut offs" and their effect, [415];
precipitation in the valley of, [436];
projected canal to, [533].
Mountain slides, their cause, [265], [268];
their frequency in the Alps, [267].
Mountainous countries, their liability to physical degradation, [50].
Monte Testaccio, Rome, [541].
Moose deer, the American, rapid multiplication of, [130].
Mushrooms, poisonous, how to render harmless, [286].
Natural forces, accumulation of, [46];
resistance to, [542].
Nature, man's reaction on, [8];
observation of, [10];
stability of, [27], [34];
restoration of disturbed harmonies of, [35];
nothing small in, [548].
Naturalists, enthusiasm of, [99].
Netherlands, ancient inundations of, [334];
recovery of land by diking, [334];
the practice derived from the Romans, [335];
extent of land gained from the sea, [336];
do. lost by incursions of do., [337];
character of lands gained, [338];
natural process of recovery, [339];
grandeur of the dike system of, [340];
method of their construction in, [341];
modes of protection, [343];
various uses of, [343];
effect on the level of the land, [344];
drainage of do., [345];
primitive condition of, [351];
effects on the social, moral, and economic interests of the people of, [351];
sand dunes of, [486];
encroachments of the sea on, [494];
artificial dunes in, [499];
protection of dunes in, [500];
removal of do., [509].
Nile, the river, valley of, [374];
its ancient state, [375];
inundations of, [385];
water delivery of, [387];
artificial mouths of, [402];
consequences of diking, [410], [413];
richness of its deposits, [411];
extent of do., [412];
mud banks caused by its deposits, [433];
sand dunes at its mouths, [468];
conduits for irrigation, [521];
proposed diversion of, [528];
not impossible, [529];
effects of, [530];
ceramic banks of, [541].
Northmen in New England, [60].
Nubians, Nile boats of the, [17].
Numbers, the frequent error in too definite statements of, [260];
oriental and Italian usage of, [261].
Oak, the English, early uses in the arts, [223];
"openings" of North America, [136].
Ohio, mounds of, [18];
remains of a primitive people in, [135], [138];
apple trees of, [22].
Old World, former populousness of, [4];
physical decay of, [3];
present desolation of, [5];
its causes, [5];
ancient climate of, [19];
physical restoration of, [47].
Olive tree, the wild, [74];
importance of, [312].
Orange tree known to the ancients, [64];
the wild, [74].
Orchids, fertilization of, by insects, [102].
Organic life embraced in modern geography, [57];
its geological agency, [75];
geographical importance of, [7];
bones and relics of, human and animal, [76].
Ostrich, the, diminution of its numbers, [97].
Ottaquechee river, Vermont, transporting power of, [253].
Otter, the American, voracity of, [120].
Oxen, agricultural uses of, in United States, [80].
Oyster, the, transplantation of, [118].
Palestine, ancient terrace culture and irrigation of, [369];
disastrous effects of its neglect, [370].
Palissy, Bernard, character of, [218];
plan for artificial springs, [447].
Paragrandini of Lombardy, [141].
Paramelle, the Abbé, on fountains, [437].
Peat beds, accidental burning of, [546];
— mosses of Denmark, [32].
Pecora, river of the Maremma, its deposits, [425].
Peru, ancient progress in the arts, [366];
basins of reception in, [400].
Petra, in Idumæa, ancient irrigation at, [370].
Phosphorescence of the sea unknown to the ancients, [114].
Physical decay of the earth's surface, [3];
its causes, [5];
arrest of, in new countries, [48];
forms and formations predisposing to, [49].
Physical geography, study of recommended, [12];
restoration of the earth, [8];
importance and possibility of, [26];
of disturbed harmonies, [35];
of the Old World, [47].
Pine, the American, former ordinary dimensions of, [275];
how affected by the accidents of its growth, [306];
the maritime, on dune sands in France, [506];
the pitch, hardihood of, [273];
umbrella, the, most elegant of trees, [309], [313];
the white, rapidity of its growth, [274].
Pinus cembra of Switzerland, [309].
Pisciculture, its valuable results, [118].
Plants, cultivated, uncertain identity of ancient and modern, [19];
do. of wild and domestic species, [73];
changes of habit by domestication, [19];
geographical influence of, [58];
foreign, grown in United States, [61];
American, grown in Europe, [63];
modes of introduction, [64];
accidental do., [66];
power of accommodation of, [65];
how affected by transfer, [68];
tenacity of life in wild species, [69];
extirpation of, [70];
domestic origin of, [72];
species employed for protection of sand dunes, [500].
Pliny, the elder, theory of springs, [198], [216].
Po, river, ancient state of its basin, [255];
modern changes, [256];
its floods, tributaries, and deposits, [256-261], [405];
embankments of, [385], [404];
sediment of, [410];
age and consequences of its embankments, [411];
mean delivery of, [412];
salti of, [415].
Poland, sand plains of, [514].
Poplar, the Lombardy, [68];
characterized, [313].
Potato, native country of, [73].
Prairies, conjectural origin of, [134].
Provence, physical structure of, [237];
ancient state of, [238];
destructive action of torrents on, [236];
Alps of, [245].
Prussia, sand dunes of, [485];
drifting of, [498];
measures for reclaiming of, [505].
Quadrupeds, number in United States, [79];
extirpation of, [84].
Quebec, high tides of, [271];
lumber trade of, [272].
Railways, scientific uses of, [53].
Rain water, its absorption and infiltration, [438], [439];
economizing its precipitation, [449].
Ravenna, cathedral of, [60];
pine woods of, [150].
Red Sea, richness of, in organic life, [320];
diversion of the Nile to, its effects, [530].
Reindeer, the, [83].
Reservoirs, geographic and climatic effects of, [258].
Reventlov's organization of dune economy in Denmark, [504];
a benefactor to his race, [515].
Rhine, river, proposed diversion of, [533].
Rice, cultivation of, [381].
Rivers, transporting power of, [252];
in Vermont, [253];
their origin, [262];
injury to their banks by lumbermen, [277];
conditions of their rise and fall, [278];
mutual action of rivers and valleys, [408];
effect of obstructions in, [409];
subterranean course of, [409];
confluences of, effect on the current below, [424];
sediment of, its extent, [547].
River beds, natural change of, [401];
artificial do. in Egypt, [402];
Italy and Switzerland, [403].
River deposits, [408];
of the Nile, [410];
the Po, [411];
the Tuscan rivers, [414].
River embankments, [384];
their use, [404];
disadvantages, [405];
transverse do., superiority of, [406];
effects of, [409].
River mouths, obstructions of, [430];
by sand banks, [431];
accelerated by man's influence, [432];
effect of tidal movements, [432].
Robin, the American, voracity of, [88].
Rock generally permeable by water, [265].
Roman empire, natural advantages of its territory, [1];
increased by intelligent labor, [2];
physical decay of, [3];
present desolation, [4];
caused by its despotism and oppression, [5].
Rozet's plan for diminishing inundations, [406].
Rude tribes, continuity of arts among, [17];
commerce of, [18];
relations to organic life, [39];
and to nature, [41].
Russia, diminution of forests in, [298];
effects of, on rivers and lakes, [299];
sand drifts of the steppes of, [514];
attempts to reclaim them, [515].
Sacramento City, California, effect of river dike at, [405].
Sand, its composition and origin, [452];
action of rivers, [453];
ancient deposits of, [454], [456];
amount of, carried to the Mediterranean, [455];
of Egypt, [458], [461];
movement of, by the wind, [459];
drifts of, from the sea, [461];
dangers of accumulation of, [463];
two forms of deposit, [463];
drifting of dune, [495].
Sand banks, aquatic, [468];
movement of, [469];
connect themselves with the coast, [490].
Sand dunes, how formed, [464];
utilization of, [465];
inland, of the South American desert, [482];