their peculiarities, [483];
age, character, and permanence of, [484];
naturally wooded, [486];
not noticed by ancient writers, [487];
management of, [488];
coast, sources of supply, [465];
law of their formation, [466], [471], [483];
of the Mediterranean, [467];
of Lake Michigan, [467];
of the Nile mouths, [468];
of America, [469];
of Western Europe, [470];
literature of, [471];
height of, [472];
humidity of, [473];
of Cape Cod, [487];
character of their sand, [474], [481];
concretion within, [476];
interior structure of, [477];
general form of, [478];
geological importance of, [479];
composition of sandstone, [481];
as barriers against the sea, [489];
in Western Europe, [490];
extent of, [507];
of Gascony, [496];
of Denmark, [497];
of Prussia, [497];
artificial formation of, in Holland, [499];
protection of, [500];
by vegetation, [501];
trees adapted to, [505];
removal of, [509].
Sand-dune vineyard of Cap Breton, [508].
Sand plains, mode of deposit, [464];
constituent parts, [464];
inland, of Europe, [509];
landes of Gascony, [511];
Belgium, [513];
Eastern Europe, [513];
advantages of reclaiming, [515];
private and public enterprise, [516].
Sand springs, [511].
Sandal wood extirpated in Juan Fernandez, [130].
Saros, projected canal of, [527].
Sawmills, action of their machinery more rapid by night, [278].
Schelk, the extirpation of, [85].
Schleswig-Holstein, encroachments of the sea on, [493].
Scientific observation, practical lessons of, [54-56].
Sea, the, exclusion of, by dikes, in Lincolnshire, [333];
encroachments of, [490];
coast, [491];
the Liimfjord, [491];
Schleswig-Holstein, [493];
Holland, [494];
France, [494].
Sea cow, Steller's, extirpation of, [119].
Seal, the, in Lake Champlain, [117];
voracity of, [120].
Seeds, vitality of, as preserved by the forest, [287], [289].
Seine river, ancient level of, [214];
affluents of, [435].
Ship building of the middle ages, Venice and Genoa, [218].
Siberia, ice ravine in, [158].
Sicily, stone weapons found in, [18];
sulphur mines of, [72];
olive oil crop of, [312].
Silkworm, introduction in South America, [105].
Sinai, Mt., rain torrent at, [441];
production of sand in peninsula of, [454];
garden of monastery at, [537].
Snakes, destructive to insects, [110];
tenacity of species, [111];
number of, in Palestine and Egypt, [111].
Snow, action of the woods on, [211];
experiments on, [212].
Soils, amount of thermoscopic action on various, [144];
mechanical effects of shaking in the Netherlands, [344];
effect of frost on, in United States, [344].
Solar heat, economic employment of, [47].
Solitary, the, extirpation of, [95].
Sound, transmission of, in still air, [165].
Springs, artificial, proposed by Palissy, [447];
by Babinet, [448].
Spain, neglect of forest culture in, [279].
Squirrel, the, destructiveness of, in forests, [34];
of Boston, [121].
St. Helena, flora of, [65];
destruction of its forests, [130].
Staffordshire, phenomena of vegetation in, [288].
Starlings, habits of, in Piedmont, [111].
Stork, the, geographical range of, [93];
anecdote of a, [99].
Subterranean waters, their origin, [434];
sources of supply, [435];
reservoirs and currents of, [438];
diffusion of, in the soil, [439];
importance, [440];
of the Karst, [535];
of Greece, [536].
Suez canal, the, danger from sand drifts, [461];
effect on the Mediterranean and Red Sea basins, [520].
Sugar cane, culture of, [62].
Sugar-maple tree, produce of, [169].
Summer dikes of Holland, [342].
Sunflowers, effect of plantations of, [154].
Swallow, the, popular superstitions respecting, [418].
Switzerland, ancient lacustrine habitations of, [16], [70], [83].
Sylt Island, sand dunes of, [474];
encroachments of the sea on, [493].
Sylviculture, best manuals of practice of, [304];
when and how profitable, [305];
its methods, [315];
the taillis treatment, [315];
the futaie do., [317];
beneficial effects of irrigation, [319];
exclusion of animals, [321];
removal of leaves, &c., [322];
topping and trimming, [324].
Taguataga Lake, Chili, [355].
Tea plant, the, cultivated in America, [62].
Temperature, general law of, [52].
Teredo, the general diffusion of, [107].
Termite, or white ant, ravages of, [107].
Teverone, cascade of, Tivoli, [402].
Timber, general superiority of cultivated, [305];
slow decay of, in forest, [322].
Tobacco an American plant, [68];
introduction in Hungary, [67].
Tocat, Asia Minor, oak woods of, [186].
Tomato, the, introduction to New England, [19].
Torricelli, successful plan for draining the Val di Chiana, [421].
Torrents, destructive action of, [231];
means of prevention, [233];
ravages of, in Southeastern France, [237];
Provence, [239];
Upper Alps, [240];
Lower Alps, [246];
action of, in elevating the beds of mainland streams, [249];
in excavating ravines, [250];
transporting power of, [251];
signs of, extinguished, [263];
crushing force of, [392].
Trees, as organisms, specific temperature of, [156];
moisture given out by, [158];
total influence on temperature, [159];
absorption of water by, [166];
flow of sap, [169];
absorption of moisture by foliage of, [172];
exhalation of do., [174];
consequent refrigeration, [175];
amount of ligneous products of, [173];
protection against avalanches afforded by, [269];
power of resisting the action of fire, [273];
American forest trees, [274];
their dimensions, [275];
change in relative proportions of height and diameter, [276];
comparative longevity of, [277];
European and American compared, [308];
species more numerous in America, [309];
Spenser's catalogue of, [308];
interchange of European and American species, [310];
species of Southern Europe and their extent, [312];
natural order of succession in, [323].
See Forest, Woods.
Trieste, proposed supply of water to, [536].
Trout, the American, [115], [117], [121].
Tuscany, rivers of, their deposits, [414];
physical restoration in, [416];
improvements in Val di Chiana, [417];
do. in the Maremma, [424].
Tyrolese rivers, elevation of their beds, [249].
Ubate, lakes of, New Granada, [204].
Undulation of water, [456].
United States, foreign plants grown in, [61];
weight of annual harvest in, [62];
number of quadrupeds in, [79];
of birds, [86];
effect of felling woods on its climate, [180];
forests of, [300];
instability of life in, [328].
Upper Alps, department of, ravages of torrents in, [240].
Urus, or auerochs, domesticated by man, [83];
extirpation of, [85].
Val de Lys, evidence of glacier action in, [252].
Vegetable life, transfer by man's action, [59].
Velino, cascade of, Tivoli, [402].
Vesuvius, vegetation on, [131];
eruption of February, 1851, [544].
Volcanic action, resistance to, [544];
matter, vegetation in, [131].
Volga river, proposed diversion of, [531].
Walcheren, formation of the island, [340].
Wallenstadt, lake of, [534].
Walnut tree, consumption of, for gun stocks, [296];
oil yielded by, [310].
Ward's cases for plants, [175].
Waste products, utilization of, [37].
Weeds common to Old and New World, [66];
extirpated in China, &c., [71].
Whale, the, food of, [113];
destruction of, [114].
Whale fishery, date of its commencement unknown, [112];
in the middle ages, [112];
American, [113].
Wheat, its asserted origin, [73];
introduction to America, [74].
Wild animals, number of, [84].
Wild organisms, vegetable and animal, tenacity of life in, [69].
Willow, the weeping, introduction in Europe, [64].
Wolf, increase of the, [84];
prevalence in forests of France, [296].
Wolf Spring, Soubey, [206].
Wood, increased demand for, [293];
ship building, railroads, &c., [294];
market price of, [294];
replaced by iron in the arts, [295];
means of increasing its durability, [295];
how affected by rapid growth, [306];
facilities for working, [307].
Woods, habitable earth originally covered by, [128];
conditions of their propagation, [131];
destructive agency of man and domestic animals, [132];
do not furnish food for man, [133];
first removal of, [134];
burning of, [136];
in Sweden and France, [137];
effect on the soil, [138];
destruction of, its effect, [139];
electrical influence of, [140];
chemical influence of, [142];
influence on temperature, [143];
absorbing and emitting surface of, [144];
in summer and winter, [147];
dead products of, [148];
as a shelter, [149];
in France, [149], [151];
New England, [149];
Italy and Jutland, [150];
as a protection against malaria, [154];
tend to mitigate extremes of temperature, [155].
See Forest, Trees.
Wood mosses and fungi, absorbent of moisture, [168].
Woodpecker, the, destroyer of insects, [109].
Yak, or Tartary ox, the, [83].
Yew tree, geographical range of, [70].
Zeeland, province, formation of, [339].
Zostera marina, [492].
Zuiderzee, proposed drainage of, [534];
means of, and geographical results, [535].
THE END.
FORSYTH'S "CICERO."
A New Life of Cicero.
BY WILLIAM FORSYTH, M. A., Q. C.
With Twenty Illustrations. 2 vols. crown octavo. Printed on tinted and laid paper. Price, $5.00.
The object of this work is to exhibit Cicero not merely as a Statesman and an Orator, but as he was at home in the relations of private life, as a Husband, a Father, a Brother, and a Friend. His letters are full of interesting details, which enable us to form a vivid idea of how the old Romans lived 2,000 years ago; and the Biography embraces not only a History of Events, as momentous as any in the annals of the world, but a large amount of Anecdote and Gossip, which amused the generation that witnessed the downfall of the Republic.
The London Athenæuem says: "Mr. Forsyth has rightly aimed to set before us a portrait of Cicero in the modern style of biography, carefully gleaning from his extensive correspondence all those little traits of character and habit which marked his private and domestic life. These volumes form a very acceptable addition to the classic library. The style is that of a scholar and a man of taste."