X. OTTOMAN TURKS.—HAMMER-PURGSTALL'S Geschichte des osmanischen
Reiches (10 vols.); CREASY'S History of the Ottoman Turks;
FREEMAN, The Ottoman Power in Europe (1877); ZINKEISEN,
Geschichte d. osmanisch. Reiches in Europa (7 vols.).
XI. CHINA, JAPAN, AND INDIA.—(See lists on pp. 25, 32.) Dickson,
Japan, etc. (vol. i., 1869); Griffis, The Micado's
Empire (1876).
XII. BIBLIOGRAPHIES.—In addition to Adams, Manual; Sonnenschein, The Best Books and A Reader's Guide; Gross, Sources and Literature of English History (to 1485); Gardiner and Mullinger, English History for Students; Monod, Bibliographie de l'Histoire de France; Dahlmann-Waitz, Quellenkunde, der Deutschen Geschichte; lists in Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire Générale.
PART III. MODERN HISTORY.
FROM THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE (1453) TO THE PRESENT TIME.
INTRODUCTION.
Modern history as a whole, in contrast with mediæval, is marked by several plainly defined characteristics. They are such as appear, however, in a less developed form, in the latter part of the Middle Ages.
1. In the recent centuries, there has been an increased tendency to consolidate smaller states into larger kingdoms.
2. There has been a gradual secularizing of politics. Governments have more and more cast off ecclesiastical control.
3. As another side of this last movement, political unity in Europe has superseded ecclesiastical unity. The bond of union among nations, in the room of being membership in one great ecclesiastical commonwealth, became political: it came to be membership in a loosely defined confederacy of nations, held together by treaties or by a tacit agreement in certain accepted rules of public law and outlines of policy.