III. INDIA.
THE MUGHAL EMPIRE.—In the latter half of the fourteenth and in the fifteenth centuries, the most of India was ruled by distinct Mohammedan dynasties. The dominion of the Afghan dynasty at Delhi was thus greatly reduced. In 1525 the Mughal (Mogul) Empire was founded by Babar, a descendant of Tamerlane. Babar invaded India, and defeated the Sultan of Delhi in the battle of Paniput. The new empire was not permanently established until his grandson Akbar (1556-1605), in a series of conquests, spread his dominion over all India north of the Vindhyar mountains. Not until the reign of Aurungzeb (1658-1707), was the Deccan subdued. After 1600 the Portuguese no longer had the monopoly of the foreign trade: the Dutch and English became their rivals.
LITERATURE.—See lists of works on general history, p. 16; on modern
history, p. 395; on the history of particular countries, p. 359.
General Works on the Period. De Thou's History of his own
Times; ROBERTSON'S History of Charles V. (Prescott's ed.);
Von Raumer's Gesch. Europas seit d. Ende d, 15 tu Jahrk, (8
vols).; Hallam's Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the
Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries; RANKE'S series
of works on this period,—the History of the Popes, and the
Histories of Germany, France, and England; Histories of the
Reformation by D'Aubigné, Döllinger (Roman Catholic), Spalding (Roman
Catholic), Fisher, HAUSSER, Hardwick, Stebbing; Laurent, La
Reforme; Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire Genérale (iv. and
v.); Seebohm's Era of Protestant Revolution; Works of Janssen,
Pastor, Creighton.
On the German and Swiss Reformation: Waddington's History,
etc.; Hagenhach, Vorlesungen, etc.; Lives of Luther, by
Meurer, Michelet, Beard, KÖSTLIN; Lives of Zwingh, by CHRISTOFFEL,
MORIKOFER; Lives of Calvin, by HENRY, Dyer, Kampschulte (Roman
Catholic).
Reformation in France. Works by Soldan, Von Polenz, Smiles, Browning;
BAIRD'S works on Huguenots; Perkins, France under Richelieu
and Mazarin (2 vols.); Hanotaux, Richelieu (2 vols.).
The Revolt of the Netherlands. Blok's History of the Netherlands (3 vols.), etc.; MOTLEY'S Rise of the Dutch Republic, and History of the United Netherlands; PRESCOTT'S History of Philip II.; TH. JUSTE, Hist, de la Rèvol. des Pays-Bas, etc. (2 vols).
The Reformation in England. The Histories of Macaulay. Lingard, Froude, Burnet's History of the Reformation in England. S. R. Gardiner's History of England (1603 to 1656); Clarendon's History of the Great Rebellion; a series of works on this period by GUIZOT; Neal's History of the Puritans; Gairdner, History of the English Church from Henry VIII. to Mary; selections of documents by Prothero and by Gardiner; Lives of Cromwell, by CARLYLE, by Forster, Gardiner, Harrison, Firth; Strype's Lives of the Leading Reformers—Cranmer, etc.
On the Reformation in Scotland. BURTON'S History of Scotland;
Robertson's History of Scotland; McCrie's Life of John
Knox; W. M. TAYLOR, Life of John Knox.
On the Thirty Years' War. GINDELY'S History, etc.; Gardiner,
The Thirty Years' War; Life of Gustavus Adolphus.