A history of criticism and literary taste in Europe, from the earliest texts to the present day. Volume 1 (of 3), Classical and mediæval criticism

by George Saintsbury

[613]. If, as is still possible, and most probably can never be disproved, Walter Map fashioned the perfect Arthur stories, by dint of combining the Lancelot-Guinevere romance and the Graal Legend, composed the De Nugis, and wrote an appreciable quantity of the Goliardic poems, he will run Chaucer hard in all but the claims impossible to his time. But the “if” is a great if.

[614]. As is actually the case with Floire or Florice, the lover of Blanchefleur.

INDEX.

• Academics, the, [66].
• Acatalepsy (the Pyrrhonist doctrine of agnosticism), [64].
• Accius or Attius, L. (b. 170 A.C., d. (?)), tragic poet, [326].
• Achilleid, the, [269], [410].
• Achilles Tatius (fl. c. 500 A.D. (?)), novelist, [119 note], [180].
• Acyrologia = “improper or inexact expression,” [338].
• Addison, [83], [118].
• Ad Herennium, [213], [217].
• Adrianus (d. c. 192 A.D.), rhetorician, [95].
• Æneid, the, see [Virgil].
• Ærumna, objections to, [251] and [note], [297].
• Æschylus (b. 525 A.C., d. 456), tragic poet, [22], [39], [112], [133], [155], [206], [308].
• Æsopus, (? ?), fabulist, [409].
• Æthiopica, the, [180], [181].
• Afranius, L. (fl. c. 100 A.C.), Roman comic poet, [311].
• Africa, Petrarch’s, [462].
• African euphuism, [362].
• Against the Dogmatists, [64-66].
• Agave, the, of Statius, [255] and [note].
• Agon, the contentious or argumentative part of a speech, [101].
• C (12th cent.), moralist, &c., in verse, [411], [414 note], [466].
• Albinovanus Pedo (fl. c. 1 A.D.), poet, [310], [311].
• Albinus, see [Alcuin].
• Albucius, Silius (fl. 1st cent. A.C.), declaimer, &c., [238], [360], [432].
• Alcæus (fl. c. 600), poet, [133 note].
• Alcidamas (fl. end of 5th cent. A.C.), rhetorician, [45].
• Alcuin? (or Albinus?) (b. c. 735, d. 804), theologian and rhetorician, [375-377].
• Aldhelm (b. c. 650 A.D., d. 709), poet and divine, [400 note].
• Alexander (2nd cent. P.C.?), rhetorician, [102], [105].
• Allegory, its appearances in, and influences on, Criticism, [10-12], [67-70], [300], [301], [392] sq.
• ἁμαρτία.
  • (1) The peculiar tragic “sin” on which Aristotle’s idea of tragedy partly hinges, [34] sq.
  • (2) “Fault” generally in the critical sense; but in this ἁμαρτία is perhaps commoner, [44] sq., [168], [285], Bk. II. chap. [iii]. passim.
• Amblysia, “blunting” or “toning down,” [338].
• Ammæus (correspondent of Dion. Hal.), [129] sq.
• Amplification (auxesis), rhetorical term, sometimes for “raising,” sometimes for “varying,” the subject, [164].
• Ampulla, [271] and [note].
• Anabasis, the, [309], [318].
• Anacreon (c. 560 A.C.–480), poet. Criticism of him in the Anthology, [82].
• ἀναίσχυντος (“anæschyntos”), “the shameless one.” One of the artificial distinctions of case in which the plaintiff seems impudent, [347].
• ἀνασκευή, refutation, one of the subject divisions of the Progymnasmata, [92] sq.
• Anatomy of Melancholy, the, [144 note], [194].
• Anaxagoras (fl. 5th cent. A.C.), philosopher, criticised Homer? [11].
• Anaximenes of Lampsacus (fl. 4th cent. A.C., with Alexander, 334), historian and rhetorician, [17 note].
• ἀντέγκλημα. Acceptance and vindication: “justification,” [98].
• Anthology, the Greek, literary epigrams of, [81-86], [147].
• —— the Latin, [344], [345].
• Anti-Claudianus, [410], [414 note].
• Antimachus of Colophon (or Claros) (fl. c. 400 A.C.), poet, [20 note], [85 note], [133], [307 note].
• Antimetathesis = “putting the reader in the place of an actor or spectator by vivid narrative,” [157].
• Antiphanes (fl. 4th cent. A.C.), middle comic poet, [25] and [note].
• Antoninus Pius (Emperor, [138-161] A.D.), [272], [273].
• Aper, M. (character in Dial. de Clar. Orat.), [280] sq.
• ἀφελής, simple, plain, [99] sq.
• Aphthonius (fl. c. 315 A.D.), rhetorician, [90], [92], [93].
• Apollinaris, see [Sidonius].
• Apollodorus of Pergamus (fl. 1st cent. A.C.), rhetorician, [302].
• Apollonius, Life of, [119-121], [388].
• Apollonius Rhodius (fl. c. 200 A.C.), [307], [318], [338].
• Apology, the Platonic, [237].
• Apparebit repentina (hymn), [404].
• Appian (fl. 2nd cent. P.C.), historian, [178].
• Apsines (fl. c. 235? or c. 300?), rhetorician, [105].
• Apuleius (fl. 2nd cent. P.C., b. c. 130), novelist, &c., [151], [321], [352], [353], and note.
• Aquila Romanus, rhetorician, [346].
• Aquilius Regulus, M. (fl. c. 100), orator, [272 note], [357].
• ἀρχαῖοι, οἱ. In Arist., &c., “the early philosophers”; in Photius, &c., “the classics” generally. Uncertain when this latter use came in. MSS. of Dion. Halicarn. have in the same pass, some this word and some παλαιοί, [186].
• Archaism, [45].
• Architrenius, [410] and [note], [414].
• Arellius Fuscus (fl. just before C.), rhetorician, [236].
• Argentarius, Marcus (?), epigrammatist and declaimer, [86], [234].
• Aristarchus (fl. c. 150 A.C.), critic and grammarian, [74-76], [85], [214].
• Aristides of Smyrna (P. Aelius A. Theodorus) (b. 117 A.D., d. c. 180), rhetorician, 82(?), 105(?), [109], [113-116], [183].
• —— the Rhetoric of, [105].
• Aristophanes (b. c. 444 A.C., d. c. 380; Plays, 425-388; Frogs, 405),
  • comic poet, [9], [17], [21-23], [30], [82], [146], [147], [294].
• —— and Menander, Plutarch’s comparison of, [143].
• —— of Byzantium (fl. c. 264), critic, [74-76].
• —— (4th cent. A.C.) (client of Libanius), [122].
• —— the Scholiasts on, [76].
• Aristotle (b. 384 A.C., d. 322), philosopher, Bk. I. chap. [iii]. (for headings see Contents), [5], [83 note], [130], [136], [155], [166], [173], [185], [192], [193], [224], [226], [241], [290], [294], [295], [306], [309], [444].
• Armstrong, [167], [296].
• Arnold, Matthew (b. 1822, d. 1888), poet and critic, [23], [55], [62 note], [146], [320].
• Arrian (fl. 2nd cent. P.C.), historian, [178], [179], [270].
• Arruntius, L., name of two persons, father and son, one consul 22 A.C., the other 6 A.D. Either might be the person referred to by Seneca, [238].
• Ars Poetica of Horace, [221] sq.
• Arthur and Arthurian Legend, [423 note] and sq., [475], [483].
• Ascham, Roger, [213], [483].
• Ataraxia (the Epicurean calm), [63], [64].
• Athenæus (fl. c. 230 A.D.), [144], [145 note], [186].
• Athetesis = “marking as spurious,” 80.
• Atticism, [315].
• Atticus, Herodes (Tib. Claudius) (b. c. 104 A.D., d. 180), rhetorician, [323].
• —— T. Pomponius (b. 109 A.C., d. 32), friend of Cicero, [214].
• Attius, see [Accius].
• Atys or Attis, the, [305].
• Aucassin et Nicolette, [475].
• Augustinus, Aurelius (St Augustine) (b. 354 A.D., d. 430), rhetorician, theologian, and bishop, [349], [377-380], [401], [483].
• Augustus, the Emperor (b. 63 A.C., d. 14 A.D.), his epigram on Fulvia and Martial’s praise of it, [258].
• Aulic, the, in language, [425] sq.
• Aungervyle, see [Bury].
• Aurelius, Marcus (M. A. Antoninus) (b. 121 A.D., Roman Emperor, [161], d. 180), [62] and [note], [246 note].
• Ausonius, D. Magnus (b. c. 310 A.D., consul 379, d. c. 390), poet, professor, and prefect, [342], [343], [387].
• Avienus or Avianus (fl. c. 300 A.D. ?), fabulist, [409].

• Bacchylides (fl. c. 470 A.C.), poet, [168].
• Bailiff of Love, the (Le Bailli d’Amour), [455] and [note].
• Bassus, see [Cæsius Bassus] and [Saleius Bassus].
• Bede, the Venerable (b. c. 673, d. 735), presbyter, historian, &c., [374], [375], [402-405].
• Bentley (?) on Philostratus, [119].
• Blair, Dr Hugh, vi, [154 note].
• “Blunder,” Aristides’ defence of his, [115], [116].
• Boccaccio, Giovanni (b. 1313, d. 1375), poet, tale-teller, and scholar, [417], [457-464].
• Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (b. c. 470 A.D., d. c. 524), statesman and philosopher, [390], [406], [462].
• Bolognese dialect, [424], [425].
• Bossuet, [199].
• Boswell, [271 note].
• Broad Stone of Honour, the, [372].
• Browne, Sir T., quoted, [118].
• rowning, Mr, [226], [424 note].
• Brunellus, [414 note].
• Brutus, the, [218], [219].
• Burke, his “Amplification,” [164], [165].
• Burton, R., [119];
  • the Anatomy, [144 note].
• Bury, Richard of, [455], [456] and [note].
• Butcher, Prof. S. H., his Aristotle’s Theory of Poetry and Fine Art, [31 note] and Bk. I. ch. [iii]. notes, passim.
• Butler, S., on Rhetoric, [43].

• Cacozelon = “affected excess,” [297] and [note].
• Cæcilius Statius (d. 168 A.C.), comic poet, [213 note], [324].
• Cæcilius (fl. c. 1 A.D. ?), rhetorician, [73], [138], [153] sq., [186 note], [302].
• Cælius, M. C. Rufus (d. 48 A.C.), orator, [312].
• Cæsar, C. Julius (b. 100 A.C., d. 44), [312].
• Cæsius Bassus (d. 78 A.D.), poet, [253 note].
• Callimachus (fl. 240-260 A.C.), poet, [273].
• Calvus, C. Licinius Macco (b. 82 A.C., d. c. 46), poet and orator, [312].
• “Cambridge the Everything,” [271] and [note].
• Campbell, George (18th cent. divine and rhetorical writer), Preface, p. vi; 295 note.
• Can Grande, Letter to, [441], [442].
• “Canons” of writers, [213 note].
• Canzone, the, Bk. III. [ch. ii]. passim.
• Capella, see [Martianus C].
• Cardinal, the, in language, [425] sq.
• Carmina Burana, [377 note], [405 note].
• Cassiodorus, Magnus Aurelius (b. c. 468 A.D., d. c. 568), statesman and polyhistor, [349], [391], [406].
• Cassius Severus (b. c. 50 A.C., d. 33 A.D.), orator and lampooner, [236].
• Castor (fl. c. 150 A.C.), rhetorician, [102].
• Cato, Dionysius (fl. 2nd cent. P.C. ?), moralist, [409].
• Catullus, Valerius (b. c. 87 A.C., d. c. 47), poet, [212], [258], [265], [267], [273], [294], [311], [317], [356].
• Causeret, M. C., [220].
• Caxton, [464], [465].
• Celtic Rhetoric, Early, [467 note].
• “Centimeters,” [404] and [note].
• Cento, the, [343], [401].
• Châtillon, Gautier of (12th cent.), poet, [410].
• Chaucer, Geoffrey (b. 1340 ?, d. 1400), poet, [5], [55], [390 note], [450-452], [470].
• Chirius Fortuniatianus, see [Curius F].
• Chœrilus of Samos (fl. 5th cent. A.C.), epic poet, [20].
• Choragia, [25 note].
• Chorus, the, Dion Chrysostom, [112-113].
• Chreia (χρεία), the Rhetorical “use” or maxim, often of a figurative character, [91] sq.
• Chrysostom, Dion, see [Dion Chrysostom].
• Cicero, M. Tullius (b. 106 A.C., d. 43 A.C.), orator, [5], [165], [186], [212], [213-221], [229 note], [270], [289], [294], [302], [312], [314], [333], [384].
• Cinna, C. Helvius (d. 44 A.C.), poet, [264], [265].
• Claudian—Claudius Claudianus (fl. c. 400 A.D.), poet, [83], [383], [393], [409] sq.
• —— (friend of Sidonius), [383].
• Cléomadès, [455] and [note].
• Cocheris, M., [414 note], [455 note].
• Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772-1834), “logician, metaphysician, bard,” and critic, [5], [23], [118], [174], [419 note], [436], [438].
• Comedy, Greek, Criticism of Literature in, [21-26];
  • Aristotle on, [32];
  • Aristides on, [115], [116];
  • general ancient views of, [294].
• Comento, Boccaccio’s, on Dante, [458] sq.
• “Commatic,” [386] and [note].
• Commedia, Divina, La, Bk. III. ch. [ii]., passim.
• Commodianus (3rd cent. P.C.?), bishop and versifier, [364] and #note:f454.
• “Common” syllables, Martial on, [263] and [note].
• Comparison in relation to criticism, [241].
• Composition in relation to Rhetoric and Criticism, [129] sq., [304].
• Confessions, the, of St Augustine, [378-380].
• Consolatio Philosophiæ, [390].
• Constructionis Elatio, [428] sq.
• Contention of Phyllis and Flora, the, [377] and [note].
• Controversies, the, of Seneca the Elder, [334] sq.
• Convito, Dante’s, [417], [441-443].
• Cope, E.M., his ed. of the Rhetoric, [40 note], [46].
• Corax (fl. 5th cent. A.C.), traditional founder of rhetorical teaching, [16], [17 note].
• Corbinelli, Jacopo, [417].
• Corneille, Pierre (b. 1606, d. 1684), [5].
• Cornelius Severus (fl. c. 1 A.D.), poet, [235], [310] and [note].
• Courthope, Mr W. J., [457 note], [462 note].
• Cowper, [460].
• Crabbe, [166].
• Crates of Mallos (fl. 2nd cent. A.C.), grammarian and critic, [74], [85].
• Critic, Quintilian’s sketch of the duty of the, [292], [293].
• “Cross-poems,” 396 sq.
• Crotchet Castle, [372].
• Ctesias (fl. c. 480 A.C.), physician and historian, [178].
• Cumberland on Philostratus, [119].
• Curial, the, in language, [425] sq.
• Curiatius Maternus (fl. c. 100?), [280] sq.
• Curius (or Chirius) Fortunatianus (fl. c. 450 A.D.), rhetorician and lawyer, [346], [347].
• Cynics, the, [62].
• Cyril of Alexandria (bishop 412-444 A.D.), [177].
• Cyrus (date?), rhetorician, [102 note].

• Dante, Alighieri (Dantes Aligerus) (b. 1265, d. 1321), poet. The De Vulgari Eloquio, Bk. III. chap. ii. See [Contents]. Also [5], [133], [172], [173], [354], [404], [406], [416-446], [462].
• Dares Phrygius (probably no such person, book written c. 11th-12th cent. P.C. (?)), fabulous historian of Troy, [392], [410].
• Darmesteter, Madame, [453], [454].
• De Admiranda Vi Demosthenis, [129] sq.
• De Antro Nympharum, [68-70].
• De Causis corruptæ Eloquentiæ, [280] sq.
• Declamations, [230] sq., [279] sq.
• De Compositione, [129] sq.
• De Dictamine Rhythmico, see [Dictamen].
• De Genealogia Deorum, [457] sq.
• De Herodote Malignitate, [142], [143].
• De Interpretatione, [89], [103], [104].
• De Inventione (Longinus), [105-107].
• —— (Cicero), [217].
• Deinarchus (b. c. 361 A.C., d. c. 280), Attic orator, [129] sq.
• δεινὸς and δεινὸτης, how used, [97], [129].
• Deipnosophistæ, [144], [145 note].
• Delille, [167], [296].
• Demetrius Phalereus (b. c. 345 A.C., d. (?)), statesman and orator, [71], [89], [103], [104], [196].
• Democritus of Abdera (b. c. 460 A.C., d. 361), philosopher and humourist, [14], [15].
• Demosthenes (b. c. 385 A.C., d. 322), orator, [129], [165], [166] sq., [187 note], [277], [294], [312].
• De Nuptiis Philologiæ et Mercurii, [349-354], [377].
• De Optimo Genere Oratorum, [218].
• De Oratore, [217], [218].
• De Quincey, [121 note], [244 note], [296].
• Deschamps, Eustache (b. 1328, d. 1415), poet, &c., [454].
• De Vulgari Eloquio, [406], [416-446].
• Dialogus de Claris Oratoribus, [279] sq., [317 note], [357].
• Dictamen, the, [407] sq.
• Diction, see under [Aristotle], [Dionysius], [Longinus], [Quintilian], [Dante].
• —— Poetic, see [Aristotle], [Dante], [Wordsworth].
• Diderot, [119].
• διήγημα, a story of a real event introduced into a speech, [90] sq. (διήγησις is the setting forth of the circumstances of the case).
• Diogenes Laertius (fl. 2nd cent. P.C.), historian of philosophy, [14], [15] and [notes], [89].
• Dion Cassius (b. 155 A.D.), historian, [180].
• Dion Chrysostom (b. c. 50 A.D., d. c. 117), rhetorician, [108-113], [195], [231].
• Dionysius of Halicarnassus (b. (?) came to Rome c. 29 A.C., d. 7 A.C.), rhetorician, historian, and critic, [5], [23], [70], [72], [96], [108], [127-137], [155] and [note], [156 note], [185], [195], [219], [289], [444].
• —— of Thrace (fl. c. 80 A.C.), grammarian, [65].
• Disertus, [274 note].
• Dobson, Mr Austin, [271 note].
• Domitian—Martial on his modesty, [261], [262];
  • Statius on his horse, [269];
  • Quintilian on the poetry he would have written if he had written any, [311].
• Douglas, Gavin (b. c. 1474, d. 1522), bishop, poet, and translator, [268], [406], [464-466].
• Doxopater (11th cent. (?)), rhetorician, [97];
  • (13th cent. (?)), [188].
• “Drink to me only with thine eyes,” [119].
• Dryden, John (b. 1631, d. 1700), poet and critic, [5], [23], [48], [56], [156 note].

• “Earinos,” [263].
• Eberhard of Bethune (fl. c. 1200?), author of Labyrinthus (?), [406].
• Education, Plutarch on, [139] seq.
• Egger, Émile, his Essai sur l’Histoire de la Critique chez les Grecs (1st ed., 1850), [6], Bk. I., notes, passim.
• Eikones, the, of Philostratus, [119].
• εἰσφορὰ νόμου, the “introduction” and discussion of law. One of the Progymnasmata, [91] sq.
• ἔκφρασις, a set description intended to bring person, place, picture, &c., vividly before the mind’s eye. It is found largely in the Epideictic rhetoricians, and still more largely in the Greek Romances, [119 note].
• Elevation, [46].
• Empedocles (fl. c. 444 A.C.), philosopher, his fragments, [13], [14], [156].
• Empiricus, see [Sextus Empiricus].
• Ennius, Q. (b. 239 A.C., d. 169), poet, [213 note], [310], [324], [401].
• Epanodos = “deliberate repetition,” [303].
• Epicheireme (form of rhet. argument), [100] and [note].
• Epictetus (fl. c. 100 A.D.), philosopher, [62].
• Epicurean, the, [62] sq.
• Epicurus (b. c. 342 A.C., d. 270), philosopher, [63].
• Epideictic (the third kind of oratory—the rhetoric of display), Bk. I., chap, [iv]., passim.
• ἐπιμέλεια, rhetorically and critically = “exactness,” [99] and [note].
• Epistle to Can Grande, [441], [442].
• Epistola ad Pisones, [221] sq.
• Erinna (fl. c. 612 A.C.), poetess, criticisms on her “Distaff,” [82-85].
• ἑρμηνεία (interpretatio), used in Rhet. rather ambiguously. Generally, as in the treatise of Dem. Phal. (103 sq.), it is nearly equivalent to “Theory of Prose Style.” Interpretatio in Latin is also used of a particular Fig. = conduplicatio, “explaining the thing over again, in different words.”
• Espinette Amoureuse, L’, [454].
• Ethopœia, “character-drawing.” This, which was one of the subjects of the Progymnasmata, is sometimes used generally, sometimes for a special technical exercise in making speeches suited to characters and situations (Aphth. distinguishes it from eidolopœia, and includes both in prosopopœia), [90] sq. = Quintilian’s “ethology,” [292].
• Etymologiæ of Isidore, [400] sq.
• Eunapius (b. 347 A.D.), sophist, [181].
• “Euphemesis,” a Fulgentian word = “ritual” (?), [395].
• Euphues and Euphuism, [139], [389], [394].
• Eupolis (b. c. 446 A.C., d. c. 411), comic poet, [166].
• εὕρεσις = inventio, the devising of topics, arguments, &c., suitable to the case; what the orator adds of his own to the facts and the law, [99] sq.
• Euripides (b. 480 A.C., d. 406), dramatist, [22], [24], [112], [133], [211], [308].
• Excellentia vocabulorum, [428] sq.
• Expositio Virgiliana, [392-396].

• Fable, the, [90], [401].
• Faultlessness, [168] sq., [285] sq.
• Favorinus (fl. c. 120 A.D.), rhetorician, [323], [327], [328].
• Ferrers-Howell, Mr, [417 note] and sq.
• “Figures,” 43, [53], [102], 103 (and Bk. I. ch. iv. passim), [156] sq., [166] sq., 291 (Bk. II. ch. iii. passim), [360] sq., [374] sq., [432].
• Filocopo, the, [457], [463].
• Filostrato, the, [457], [463].
• Flaccus (a critical friend of Martial), [260], [262].
• —— poets, see [Horace] and [Valerius].
• Floire et Blanchefleur, [463], [475].
• Florentine Dialect, [421] sq.
• Florida, the, [363] and [note].
• Foix, Gaston de, [455].
• Forms, the artificial, of French poetry, [449].
• Fortunatianus, see [Curius].
• Fortunatus, see [Venantius].
• “Four, the,” Aristides’ speech for, [115], [116].
• “Frigidity,” [43], [156].
• Frogs, The, [6], [21-23], [270 note].
• Froissart, [453-455].
• Fronto, M. Cornelius (consul, 146 A.D.), rhetorician, [288 note].
• Fulgentius, Fabius Planciades (6th cent. P.C.), [392-396], [459].

• Galliambic metre, [305] and [note].
• Garland, or de Garlandia, John, see [John of G].
• Gascoigne, George (b. 1525 (?), d. 1577), [86], [471].
• Gautier, Théophile, [62 note]
• Gellius, Aulus (fl. c. 150 A.D.), grammarian and man of letters, [186], [322-329].
• Geoffrey of Vinsauf, see [Vinsauf].
• Georgius Choeroboscus (4th and 5th cent. P.C.), rhetorician, [103].
• Georgius Pachymeres (b. c. 1242, d. c. 1310), Byzantine historian and rhetorician, [95].
• Gesta Romanorum, the, [187], [394].
• Gibbon, [384] and [note].
• Gifford on Philostratus, &c., [116].
• Gnomæ, “sentences,” “maxims,” [91] and [note], [298].
• Gorgias of Athens (fl. 1st cent. A.C.), rhetorician, [346].
• Gorgias of Leontini (fl. 5th cent. A.C. at Athens, 427), rhetorician and sophist, [16], [45], [159], [160].
• γοργότης, rhetorical and critical term = “nervousness,” “poignancy,” &c., [99].
• Gracchus, Sempronius (b. c. 160 A.C., d. 121), demagogue, his style, [229 note], [325].
• Grammar, Quintilian on, [291], [292];
  • in Martianus, [353].
• Grammarians, the Greek, the Roman, [361], [362].
• Grammatica (and “grammar”), Dante’s meaning of, [419] sq.
• Grammaticus = more than mere “grammarian,” [343].
• Grand Style, the, [336].
• Graphica lexis, written as opposed to spoken style (v. Aristotle, Rhetoric, iii. 12. 1), [201], [202].
• Gryll Grange, [381 note].
• Guest’s English Rhythms, [405].