A Short History of French Literature

by George Saintsbury

[294]At the close of the eleventh century and at the beginning of the twelfth we find the vulgar tongue in France not merely in full organisation for literary purposes, but already employed in most of the forms of poetical writing. An immense outburst of epic and narrative verse has taken place, and lyrical poetry, not limited as in the case of the epics to the north of France, but extending from Roussillon to the Pas de Calais, completes this. The twelfth century adds to these earliest forms the important development of the mystery, extends the subjects and varies the manner of epic verse, and begins the compositions of literary prose with the chronicles of St. Denis and of Villehardouin, and the prose romances of the Arthurian cycle. All this literature is so far connected purely with the knightly and priestly orders, though it is largely composed and still more largely dealt in by classes of men, trouvères and jongleurs, who are not necessarily either knights or priests, and in the case of the jongleurs are certainly neither. With a possible ancestry of Romance and Teutonic cantilenæ, Breton lais, and vernacular legends, the new literature has a certain pattern and model in Latin and for the most part ecclesiastical compositions. It has the sacred books and the legends of the saints for examples of narrative, the rhythm of the hymns for a guide to metre, and the ceremonies of the church for a stimulant to dramatic performance. By degrees also in this twelfth century forms of literature which busy themselves with the unprivileged classes begin to be born. The fabliau takes every phase of life for its subject; the folk-song acquires elegance and does not lose raciness and truth. In the next century, the thirteenth, mediaeval literature in France arrives at its zenith and remains there until the first quarter of the fourteenth. The early epics lose something of their savage charm, the polished literature of Provence quickly perishes. But in the provinces which speak the more prevailing tongue nothing is wanting to literary development. The language itself has shaken off all its youthful incapacities, and, though not yet well adapted for the requirements of modern life and study, is in every way equal to the demands made upon it by its own time. The dramatic germ contained in the fabliau and quickened by the mystery produces the profane drama. Ambitious works of merit in the most various kinds are published; Aucassin et Nicolette stands side by side with the Histoire de Saint Louis, the Jeu de la Feuillie with the Miracle de Théophile, the Roman de la Rose with the Roman du Renart. The earliest notes of ballade and rondeau are heard; endeavours are made with zeal, and not always without understanding, to naturalise the wisdom of the ancients in France, and in the graceful tongue that France possesses. Romance in prose and verse, drama, history, songs, satire, oratory, and even erudition, are all represented and represented worthily. Meanwhile all nations of Western Europe have come to France for their literary models and subjects, and the greatest writers in English, German, Italian, content themselves with adaptations of Chrétien de Troyes, of Benoist de Sainte More, and of a hundred other known and unknown trouvères and fabulists. But this age does not last long. The language has been put to all the uses of which it is as yet capable; those uses in their sameness begin to pall upon reader and hearer; and the enormous evils of the civil and religious state reflect themselves inevitably in literature. The old forms die out or are prolonged only in half-lifeless travesties. The brilliant colouring of Froissart, and the graceful science of ballade- and rondeau-writers like Lescurel and Deschamps, alone maintain the literary reputation of the time. Towards the end of the fourteenth century the translators and political writers import many terms of art, and strain the language to uses for which it is as yet unhandy, though at the beginning of the next age Charles d'Orléans by his natural grace and the virtue of the forms he used, emerges from the mass of writers. Throughout the fifteenth century the process of enriching or at least increasing the vocabulary goes on, but as yet no organising hand appears to direct the process. Villon stands alone in merit as in peculiarity. But in this time dramatic literature and the literature of the floating popular broadsheet acquire an immense extension—all or almost all the vigour of spirit being concentrated in the rough farce and rougher lampoon, while all the literary skill is engrossed by insipid rhétoriqueurs and pedants. Then comes the grand upheaval of the Renaissance and the Reformation. An immense influx of science, of thought to make the science living, of new terms to express the thought, takes place, and a band of literary workers appear of power enough to master and get into shape the turbid mass. Rabelais, Amyot, Calvin, and Herberay fashion French prose; Marot, Ronsard, and Regnier refashion French verse. The Pléiade introduces the drama as it is to be and the language that is to help the drama to express itself. Montaigne for the first time throws invention and originality into some other form than verse or than prose fiction. But by the end of the century the tide has receded. The work of arrangement has been but half done, and there are no master spirits left to complete it. At this period Malherbe and Balzac make their appearance. Unable to deal with the whole problem, they determine to deal with part of it, and to reject a portion of the riches of which they feel themselves unfit to be stewards. Balzac and his successors make of French prose an instrument faultless and admirable in precision, unequalled for the work for which it is fit, but unfit for certain portions of the work which it was once able to perform. Malherbe, seconded by Boileau, makes of French verse an instrument suited only for the purposes of the drama of Euripides, or rather of Seneca, with or without its chorus, and for a certain weakened echo of that chorus, under the name of lyrics. No French verse of the first merit other than dramatic is written for two whole centuries. The drama soon comes to its acme, and during the succeeding time usually maintains itself at a fairly high level until the death of Voltaire. But prose lends itself to almost everything that is required of it, and becomes constantly a more and more perfect instrument. To the highest efforts of pathos and sublimity its vocabulary and its arrangement are still unsuited, though the great preachers of the seventeenth century do their utmost with it. But for clear exposition, smooth and agreeable narrative, sententious and pointed brevity, witty repartee, it soon proves itself to have no superior and scarcely an equal in Europe. In these directions practitioners of the highest skill apply it during the seventeenth century, while during the eighteenth its powers are shown to the utmost of their variety by Voltaire, and receive a new development at the hands of Rousseau. Yet, on the whole, it loses during this century. It becomes more and more unfit for any but trivial uses, and at last it is employed for those uses only. Then occurs the Revolution, repeating the mighty stir in men's minds which the Renaissance had given, but at first experiencing more difficulty in breaking up the ground and once more rendering it fertile. The faulty and incomplete genius of Chateaubriand and Madame de Stael gives the first evidence of a new growth, and after many years the romantic movement completes the work. That movement occupied almost the whole of two generations and though at the close of the second its force may appear to be spent, the results remain, and no new or reactionary movement is visible, and the efforts of the Romantics themselves have been crowned with an almost complete regeneration of letters, if not of language. The poetical power of French has been once more triumphantly proved, and its productiveness in all branches of literature has been renewed, while in that of prose fiction there has been almost created a new class of composition.

Finally, we may sum up even this summary. For volume and merit taken together the product of these eight centuries of literature excels that of any European nation, though for individual works of the supremest excellence they may perhaps be asked in vain. No French writer is lifted by the suffrages of other nations—the only criterion when sufficient time has elapsed—to the level of Homer, of Shakespeare, or of Dante, who reign alone. Of those of the authors of France who are indeed of the thirty but attain not to the first three, Rabelais and Molière alone unite the general suffrage; and this fact roughly but surely points to the real excellence of the literature which these men are chosen to represent. It is great in all ways, but it is greatest on the lighter side. The house of mirth is more suited to it than the house of mourning. To the latter, indeed, the language of the unknown minstrel who told Roland's death, of him who gave utterance to Camilla's wrath and despair, and of him who in our day sang how the mountain wind makes mad the lover who cannot forget, has amply made good its title of entrance. But for one Frenchman who can write admirably in this strain there are a hundred who can tell the most admirable story, formulate the most pregnant reflexion, point the acutest jest. There is thus no really great epic in French, few great tragedies, and those imperfect and in a faulty kind, little prose like Milton's or like Jeremy Taylor's, little verse (though more than is generally thought) like Shelley's or like Spenser's. But there are the most delightful short tales, both in prose and in verse, that the world has ever seen, the most polished jewellery of reflexion that has ever been wrought, songs of incomparable grace, comedies that must make men laugh so long as they are laughing animals, and above all such a body of narrative fiction, old and new, prose and verse, as no other nation can show for art and for originality, for grace of workmanship in him who fashions, and for certainty of delight to him who reads.

FOOTNOTES:

[294] The courtesy of Messrs. A. and C. Black allows me to repeat the following passage from an article of mine in the Encyclopædia Britannica. For this repetition I may borrow from a better writer than myself the excuse that a man cannot say exactly the same thing in two different sets of words so as to please himself, or perhaps others.

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INDEX.

About, Edmond (1828-1885), novelist and journalist, [559].
Academic influences, [486], [506]-508.
criticism, [564].
Académie Française, [334], [353], [367], [504]-508.
Actors, societies of, [122].
Adalbert, St., [3].
Adam, mystery of, [111].
Adam de la Halle (13th cent.), trouvère and dramatist, [69], [70].
Adenès le Roi (13th cent.), trouvère, [23] note [1], [93], [95].
Adolescence Clémentine, [174].
Adolphe, [435].
Aguesseau, H.F. d' (1668-1751), orator, [457], [480].
Aïssé, Mlle. (1693-1733), letter-writer, [445].
Alba, [31].
Albigensian War, Chronicle of, [30].
Alembert, Jean le Rond d' (1717-1785), encyclopædist, [419], [462], [481], [483], [499].
Alexander of Bernay (12th cent.), trouvère, [43].
Alexandrines, [75], [76], [213], [300].
Aliscans, [19], [22].
Alixandre, Chanson d', [43].
Allainval, Léonor J. C. Soulas d' (1700-1753), dramatist, [412].
Allegory, [81].
Almanach de nos Grands Hommes, [466].
Alzire, [408].
Amphitryon, [312].
Amadas et Idoine, [97].
Amadis of Gaul, [237], [319], [320].
Amants Magnifiques, [312].
Amerval, Eloy d' (15th cent.), poet, [172].
Amis et Amiles, [12], [21], [147].
story of, [16].
passage from, [18].
Amyot, Jacques (1513-1594), translator, [232], [234], [246], [270].
Ancien Théâtre Français, [117] seqq.
Anciennes Poésies Françaises, [181], [182].
Andrieux, François G. J. S. (1759-1833), dramatist and poet, [403], [414].
Andromaque, [302].
Andromède, [298].
Antioche, Chanson d', [20], [39], [48], [99].
Antiquités de Rome, [203].
Antony, [530].
Apologie pour Hérodote, [166], [194].
Argenson, René Louis de Voyer, Marquis d' (1694-1757), memoir-writer, [442].
Arnauld, A. (1612-1694), Port Royalist, [338], [374].
Arnault, A. V. (1766-1834), poet and fabulist, [403].
Arthur, [34].
tale of, its origins, [34], [151].
Arthurian Romances, [34]-42, [46] note.
Arthurian cycle, French order of, [35], [97].
Romances, spirit and literary value of, [38].
comedy of, [48].
social characteristics of, [46].
Arvers, Félix (1806-1851), poet, [548].
Asseneth, [147].
Assises de Jérusalem, [144].
Assonance, [11], [27], [63].
Astrée, [319].
Athalie, [302], [303], [306].
Auberi of Besançon (12th cent.), poet, [28].
Aubignac, François Hédelin, Abbé d' (1604-1676), dramatist, novelist, and critic, [293], [322].
Aubigné, Agrippa d' (1550-1630), poet and historian, [212], [213], [253], [254].
Aucassin et Nicolette, [66], [149].
extract from, [150].
Audefroy le Bastard (12th cent.), trouvère, [63].
Augier, E. (b. 1822), dramatist, [553].
Aulnoy, Marie C., Comtesse d' (d. 1720), tale-teller, [328].
Autran, Joseph (1813-1877), poet and dramatist, [555].
Baïf, Jean Antoine de (1532-1592), poet, [196], [198], [205], [206], [210], [226].
---- Lazare de (?-1547) translator, [219].
Balada, [31].
Ballade, [101].
Ballade des Dames du Temps jadis, [158].
Balzac, Honoré de (1799-1850), novelist, [532], [535], [537], [542].
Balzac, Jean Guez de (1594-1655), essayist and letter-writer, [355], [356].
Banville, Th. de (b. 1820), poet, [549].
Barbey d'Aurévilly, J. (b. 1808), miscellaneous writer, [557].
Barbier, Auguste (1805-1882), poet, [545].
Barbier de Séville, [413].
Barlaam and Josaphat, [81].
Baron (1643-1729), comic writer and actor, [317].
Bartas, Guillaume de Saluste du (1544-1590), poet, [211], [212].
Barthélemy, Louis, Abbé (1750-1812), scholar, [427].
Bassompierre, François, Maréchal de, memoir-writer, [337].
Bastard de Bouillon, [20], [99].
Baude, Henri (1430-1495), poet, [163].
Baudelaire, C. (1821-1866), poet and critic, [549], [550].
Baudouin de Sebourc, [20], [99].
Bayle, P. (1647-1706), philosopher and encyclopædist, [375].
Beaumarchais, Caron de (1731-1799), dramatist, [413].
Bele Erembors, [63].
Bélisaire, [458].
Bellay, Guillaume (1491-1543) and Martin (?-1559) du, memoir-writers, [256].
Bellay, Joachim du (1524-1560), poet, [202], [204], [207], [210], [219], [270].
Belleau, Rémy (1528-1577), poet, [204], [226].
Belloy, Burette de (1727-1775), dramatist, [408].
Benedictine students, [503].
Benoist de Sainte More (1154-1189), trouvère and chronicler, [44], [45], [79].
Benserade, Isaac de (1612-1691), poet, [278].
Béranger, Pierre Jean de (1780-1857), poet, [511], [512].
Bergerac, Cyrano de (1620-1655), dramatist and novelist, [308], [324].
Bergier, Nicolas Sylvestre (1718-1790), theologian, [460].
Berlioz, H. (1803-1869), miscellaneous writer, [566].
Bernard, C. de (1805-1850), novelist, [557].
Béroalde de Verville (1558-1612), tale-teller, [194].
Bersuire, Pierre (1290-1352), translator, [143].
Bertaut, Jean (1552-1611), poet, [338].
Berte aux grans Piés, [21], [93].
Bertin, Antoine (1752-1790), poet, [401].
Bertrand, L. (1807-1841), poet, [548].
Berwick, James Fitzjames, Duke of (1660-1734), memoir-writer, [344].
Bésenval, Pierre Victor, Baron de (1722-1791), memoir-writer, [442].
Bestiaries, [79], [145].
Beyle, Henri (1783-1842), novelist and critic, [517].
Beza, Théodore (1519-1605), dramatist and translator, [218], [231].
Bible, [78].
Bibliothèque des Romans, [502].
Billaut, A. (1600-1662) poet, [280].
Bichat, M. F. X. (1771-1802), scientific writer, [501].
Blanc, L. (1813-1882), historian, [577].
Blancandin et l'Orguilleuse d'Amour, [96].
Blandin de Cornoalha, [30].
Blason, [210].
Blasphémateurs, [121].
Blonde d'Oxford, [98].
Blot (1610-1655) poet, [278].
Bodel, Jean (b. 1269), trouvère, [42], [91], [111].
Bodin, Jean (1530-1596), lawyer, [248].
Boethius, Provençal poem on, [28], [29].
Boëtie, Étienne de la (1530-1563), poet and political writer, [209], [242], [243], [249].
Boileau, Nicolas (1636-1711), poet and critic, [284]-287.
Boisrobert, F. Le Metel de (1592-1662), poet and dramatist, [278].
Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise, Vicomte de (1754-1840), political writer, [498], [515].
Bordigné, Charles de (16th cent.), poet, [171].
Borel, P. (1809-1859), poet and novelist, [547].
Bornier, H. de (b. 1825), dramatist, [556].
Borron, Robert and Hélie de (12th and 13th cent.), [35], [36].
Bossuet, Jacques Benigne (1627-1704), theologian and preacher, [380]-383.
Bouchardy, Joseph (1810-1870), dramatist, [553].
Bouchet, Guillaume (d. 1607), tale-teller, [194].
Bouchet, Jehan (1476-1555), historian and poet, [171], [172], [194].
Bouciqualt, Jean le Maigre (d. 1421), memoir-writer, [105].
Bougainville, Louis Antoine de (1729-1811), traveller, [502].
Bouilhet, L. (1821-1872), poet, [550].
Boulainvilliers, Henri de (1658-1722), historian and political writer, [438].
Bourdaloue, Louis (1632-1704), theologian, [387].
Bourgeois Gentilhomme, [312].
Boursault, Edme (1638-1708), dramatist, [315].
Bradamante, [224].
Brantôme, Pierre de Bourdeilles, Abbé de (1540-1614), memoir-writer, [249]-252.
Brébeuf, Guillaume de (1618-1661), poet, [287].
Breu-doble, [31].
Brienne, Comte de (17th cent.), memoir-writer, [339].
Brizeux, Auguste (1803-1858), poet, [546].
Brodeau, Victor (1470-1540), poet, [177].
Brosses, Ch. de (1709-1777), miscellanist, [503].
Brunetière, F., critic, [565].
Brueys, D. A. de (1640-1725), dramatist, [317].
Brun de la Montaigne, [26], [92].
Brunetto Latini (1220-1294), scholar, [145], [152].
Bueves de Commarchis, [93].
Buffon, George Lewis Leclerc, Count de (1707-1788), naturalist, [499].
Bug Jargal, [521].
Buttet, Claude (16th cent.), poet, [209].
Cabanis, J. P. G. (1757-1808), scientific writer, [501].
Calmet, Dom Augustin (1672-1757), biblical historian, [440].
Calvin, Jean (1509-1564), theologian, [230], [231].
Campistron (1656-1737), dramatist, [307], [316].
Candide, [423].
Canso, [30].
Cantilenae, [7], [62].
Caractères of La Bruyère, [365].
Carloix, Vincent (16th cent.), memoir-writer, [254].
Carte de Tendre, [321].
Cassel, glossary of, [3].
Castelnau, Michel de (1500-1592), memoir-writer, [257].
Castoiement d'un Père à son Fils, [81].
Caylus, Madame de (1673-1729), memoir-writer, [344].
Cazotte, Jacques (1720-1792), novelist, [426].
Cénacle, the, [530], [540].
Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles, [148], [283].
Chamfort, N. (1741-1794), moralist and critic, [465], [466].
Champcenetz, (1759-1794), journalist, &c., [464], [465].
Champier, Symphorien (1472-1535), poet, [171].
Chanson, [66], [511], [512].
Chanson d'Alixandre, [42], [43], [46].
Chanson d'Amour, [66].
Chanson de Roland, argument of, [13].
passage from, [14].
Chanson des Albigeois, [30], [31].
Chansonnettes, [66].
Chansons de Gestes, [2], [6], [7], [9]-24, [37], [43], [47], [50], [75], [76], [99].
Chanson des Rues et des Bois, [524].
Chansons du XV^ième Siècle, [166].
Chapelain, Jean (1595-1674), poet, [279], [285], [301], [349].
Chapelle, C. E. L. (1626-1686), poet, [278].
Chardry (13th cent.), trouvère, [81].
Charlemagne à Constantinople, Voyage de, [21].
Charlemagne in Chansons, [13], [14], [19], [22].
Charleval, C. J. L. Faucon de Risseigneur de (1612-1693), poet, [278].
Charroi de Nimes, le, [19].
Charron, Pierre (1541-1603), moralist and theologian, [247], [248].
Chartier, Alain (1390-1458), poet, [102], [105], [144], [165], [169], [270].
ballade from, [108].
extract from Curial, [150].
Chasles, P. L. (1798-1873), critic, [565].
Chassignet, J. B. (1578-1620), poet, [276].
Chastellain, Georges (1403-1475), chronicler, [134], [148], [164].
Chateaubriand, François Auguste de (1768-1848), novelist and miscellaneous writer, [429], [430].
Chatillon, A. de (1810-1884), poet, [548].
Chaulieu, Abbé de (1639-1720), poet, [288].
Chaussée, Nivelle de la (1692-1754), dramatic poet, [411], [415].
Chef d'œuvre Inconnu, [533].
Chênedollé, C. de (1769-1833), poet, [403], [468].
Chénier, André Marie de (1762-1794), poet, [402], [403].
Chénier, Marie Joseph (1764-1811), poet, critic, and journalist, [401], [403], [519].
Cherbuliez, V. (b. 1832), novelist, [562].
Chétifs, [20].
Cheval de Fust, [93].
Chevalerie Ogier de Danemarche, la, [20].
Chevalier à la Charrette, extract from, [40], [41].
Chevalier as Deux Espées, [97].
Chevalier au Cygne, [20].
Chevalier au Lyon, [37], [38].
Chivalry, spirit of, [29], [38].
Cholières, Sieur de (16th cent.), [194].
Chrestien de Troyes (d. c. 1195), trouvère, [37], [38], [39], [40].
Chrestien, Florent (1541-1596), translator and political writer, [260].
Christ, Passion du, [112].
Chronique de du Guesclin, [75].
Chronique de Messire Jacque de Lalaing, [148].
Chronique des Quatre Premiers Valois, [131].
Chronique de Rains, [130].
Chronique du Règne de Charles IX, [537].
Chronique scandaleuse of Jean de Troyes, [136].
Chroniques of Froissart, [132].
Chroniques Grandes et Inestimables, du Grant et Énorme Géant Gargantua, [185].
Chroniques of Jean Lebel, [131], [132], [133].
Chute d'un Ange, [514].
Cinna, [207].
Cinq Mars, [544].
Clari, Robert de (12th cent.), chronicler, [130].
Claude, Jean (1619-1687), theologian, [379].
Claveret (17th cent.), dramatist, [293].
Clélie, [321].
Cléomadès, [93].
extract from, [94].
Cléopâtre, drama, [219], [221], [224], [226].
Cléopâtre, novel, [307], [321].
Clèveland, [422].
Cligès, [38].
Clitandre, [295], [297].
Codes and Legal Treatises, [144].
Collé, Charles (1709-1783), poet, dramatist, and memoir-writer, [404].
Collérye, Roger de (16th cent.), [170], [171].
Colletet, G. (1598-1659), poet, [278].
Collin d'Harleville, J. F. (1755-1806), comic poet and dramatist, [414].
Combat des Trente, [75].
Comédie des Académistes, [405].
Comédie des Chansons, [308].
Comédie des Comédiens, [308].
Comédie des Comédies, [308].
Comédie des Proverbes, [308].
Comédie Italienne, [406].
Comédie Larmoyante, [411].
Comines, Philippe de (c. 1447-1511), memoir-writer, [159], [160].
Commedia dell' arte, [308].
Commedia erudita, [308].
Compère Mathieu, [428].
Comte, A. (1796-1851), philosopher, [568].
Comtesse de Ponthieu, [147].
Condamnation de Banquet, [121], [219].
Condé, B. and J. de (14th cent.), trouvères, [78].
Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (1715-1780), philosopher, [495].
Condorcet, Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat (1743-1794), economist and philosopher, [491].
Confession d'un Enfant du Siècle, [541].
Confession du Vicaire Savoyard, [487].
Confessions, [425], [485], [486], [487], [488].
Confrérie de la Passion (licensed, 1402),

[122].
Conjuration de Fiesque, [334], [340].
Conjuration des Espagnols contre Venise, [335].
Conquête de Constantinople, [128], [129], [131].
Conspiration de Walstein, [334].
Constant, Benjamin (1767-1830), politician and novelist, [432], [435], [487].
Consuelo, [534].
Contes Drolatiques, [533], [537].
Contes d'Espagne et d'Italie, [540].
Contes d'Eutrapel, [193].
Contes et Joyeux Devis, [192], [193].
Contes of La Fontaine, [281], [282], [283], [284].
Contrat Social, [486], [487].
Contreditz du Songecreux, [170].
Contre-un, [249].
Conversation du Père Canaye, [361].
Coppée, F. (b. 1842), poet, [551].
Coq-à-l'Âne, [174], [177], [198].
Coquillart, Guillaume (?1421-1510), poet, [162], [164].
Coran, Ch. (b. 1814), poet, [550].
Corinne, [432], [433].
Corneille, Pierre (1606-1684), poet and dramatist, [295]-301.
Corneille, Thomas (1625-1706), dramatist, [306], [316].
Corrozet, Gilles (1510-1568), poet and fabulist, [178].
Cottin, Madame (1773-1807), novelist, [434], [435].
Coucy, Châtelain de (13th cent.), poet, [68].
---- Mathieu de (15th cent.), chronicler, [135].
Courier, Paul Louis (1772-1825), translator and political pamphleteer, [469], [510].
Couronnement Loys, [19].
Cousin, Victor (1792-1868), philosopher, [516].
Couvin, Watriquet de (14th cent.), trouvère, [78].
Crébillon the Elder, C. Jolyot de (1674-1763), dramatist, [407], [408].
Crébillon the Younger, C. P. Jolyot de (1707-1778), novelist, [426].
Crétin, Guillaume (d. 1525), poet, [165], [172], [209], [270].
Crispin, Rival de son Maître, [410].
Cromwell, [522].
Cuvier, G. C. (1769-1832), naturalist, [501].
Cygne, Chevalier au, [20], [29], [99].
Cymbalum Mundi, [190], [248].
Dacier, Madame (1654-1720), [367].
Dames Galantes, [251].
Dancourt, F. C. (1661-1725), dramatist, [317].
Dangeau, Ph. de Courcillon, Marquis de (1638-1720), memoir-writer, [345].
Daniel, [111].
Daniel, Père (1649-1728), historian, [334].
Daphnis et Chloe, [233].
Dassoucy, C. Coypeau (1605-1674), miscellanist, [324].
Daubenton, Louis Jean Marie (1716-1800), naturalist, [500].
Daudet, A. (b. 1840), novelist, [562].
Daurat, Jean (c. 1507-1588), poet, [196], [198], [203], [206], [211].
Daurel et Beton, [23] note [2].
Défense et Illustration de la Langue Française, [198], [206].
Deffand, Madame du (1697-1780), letter-writer, [445].
Definition of Chansons de Geste, [11].
De l'Allemagne, [432], [433].
De l'Amour, [518].
De l'Église Gallicane, [496].
De l'Esprit, [493].
De l'Homme, [493].
Delavigne, Casimir (1793-1843), poet, and dramatist, [519].
Delille, Jacques (1758-1813), poet, [400], [507].
Denis Pyramus (13th cent.), poet, [96].
Dépit Amoureux, [309], [310].
Désaugiers, M. A. M. (1772-1827), poet, [404].
Descartes, René (1596-1650), philosopher, [368]-374.
Deschamps, Emile (1795-1871), and Antoni (1809-1869), poets, [543].
Deschamps, Eustache (1328-1415), poet, [103], [104].
Descort, [31].
Desfontaines, P. F. Guizot (1685-1745), critic, [460], [461].
Deshoulières, Madame (1638-1694), poetess, [288].
Desmahis, J. F. E. (1722-1761), dramatist, [413].
Desorgues, J. T. (1763-1808), poet, [401].
Des Périers, B. (1500-1544), tale-teller, [190], [191].
Desportes, Philippe (1546-1606), poet, [214].
Destouches, P. H. (1680-1754), dramatist, [411].
Deux Bordeors Ribaux, [50].
Devin du Village, [413].
Diable Amoureux, [426].
Diable Boiteux, [417], [418].
Dialects, [6], [141].
---- and Provincial Literatures, [6].
Dictionnaire de Trévoux, [325].
Diderot, Denis (1713-1784), encyclopædist, [411], [424], [449], [462], [481], [482].
Discours de la Méthode, [370], [372], [373].
Dits and Débats, [50], [77], [78], [104], [115], [117], [118].
Dive Bouteille, [187], [189].
Dolet, Étienne (1509-1544), poet, translator, and printer, [178], [234], [270].
Dolopathos, [52], [96].
Doon de Mayence, [21].
Dorat, C. J. (1734-1780), poet, [404].
Doublet, Jean (16th cent.), poet, [209].
Dovalle, Ch. (1807-1829), poet, [546].
Droz, G. (b. 1832), novelist, [559].
Dubos, Jean Baptiste (1670-1742), historian, [438].
Du Cange, see Dufresne.
Ducis, J. F. (1733-1816), poet and dramatist, [409].
Duclos, Charles Pinaud (1704-1772), historian and moralist, [423], [442], [457].
Dufresne, Charles (Du Cange) (1614-1688), historian, scholar, [353].
Dufresny, Charles Rivière (1648-1724), dramatist, [315], [316], [317], [476].
Duguay-Trouin, René (1673-1736), memoir-writer, [345].
Dulaurens, Henri Joseph (1719-1797), satirist and novelist, [428].
Dumas the Elder, Alexandre (1806-1870), dramatist and novelist, [530], [535], [542].
Dumas the Younger, Alexandre (b. 1824), dramatist and novelist, [554].
Dupanloup, F. A. P. (1802-1878), theologian, [570].
Du Pape, [496].
Du Perron, Cardinal (1556-1618), poet and controversialist, [276].
Duplessis-Mornay (1549-1623), controversialist, [231], [249].
Dupont, P. (1821-1870), poet, [550].
Durant, G. (1550-1615), poet, [260].
Duras, Madame de (1778-1829), novelist, [434].
D'Urfé, Honoré (1567-1725), novelist, [319].
Durmart le Gallois, [97].
Du Ryer, Pierre (1605-1658), dramatist, [293].
Eastern stories in Early French literature, [52].
École des Femmes, [311].
École des Maris, [311].
Émaux et Camées, [539].
Emile, [425], [486].
Encyclopædia, [480].
Enfances Godefroy, [20].
Enfances Ogier, [93].
Enfants sans Souci, [123].
'Enjambement,' [523].
Epinay, Madame d' (1725-1783), memoir-writer, [443].
Erckmann-Chatrian, novelists, [557].
Erec et Énide, [38].
Esprit des Lois, [476], [477].
'Esprit Gaulois,' [48], [182], [263].
Esquisse des Progrès de l'Esprit Humain, [491].
Essais of Montaigne, [242], [243], [354], [365], [372].
Essai sur les Mœurs, [439].
Essai sur les Règnes de Claude et de Néron, [441], [482].
Essai sur l'Indifférence en Matière de Religion, [514].
Essai sur l'Origine des Connoissances Humaines, [495].
Essayists, historical, [336].
Estienne, Henri (1528-1598), scholar, [166], [194], [237].
Estrées, F. A. d' (17th cent.), memoir-writer, [337].
Estula, [52].
Étourdi, [309], [310].
Eugène, [220], [221].
Eulalie, St., Song of, [4], [62].
Expédition Nocturne, [435].
Fables of La Fontaine, [281], [282], [283], [327], [403].
Fabliau des Perdris, extract from, [58], [59].
Fabliaux, [6], [47]-52, [148], [153], [502].
Fabre d'Eglantine, P. F. N. (1755-1794), poet and dramatist, [414].
Fâcheux, [311].
Fagan, C. B. (1702-1755), dramatist, [412].
Farce, [117], [216], [218].
Farce du Cuvier, [119].
Farce de Folle Bobance, [120].
Farce du Pasté et de la Tarte, [118].
Faron, St., Song of, [3], [8].
Fatrasie, [194], [198], [424].
Fauchet, Claude (1530-1601), critic, [235].
Fauvel, [57].
Femmes Savantes, [313].
Fénelon, F. de Salignac de la Mothe—(1661-1715), theologian, [383].
Fenin, Pierre de (d. 1506), chronicler, 135.
Festin de Pierre, [310], [311].
Feuilles de Grimm, [462].
Feuillet, O. (b. 1812), dramatist and novelist, [554], [558].
Feydeau, E. (1821-1874), novelist, [559].
Fiancée du Roi de Garbe, [283].
Fierabras, [20], [21], [22].
Fiévée, Joseph (1767-1839), novelist, etc., [434].
Fitzwarine, story of, [146].
'Five Poets,' the, [278], [295].
Flamenca, [30].
Flaubert, G. (1821-1881), novelist, [560], [561].
Fléchier, Esprit (1632-1710), preacher, [388].
Fleury, Abbé (1640-1723), historian, [334].
Flore et Blanchefleur, [96].
Florian, G. P. de (1755-1794), poet and fabulist, [403].
Folles Entreprises, [217].
Fontaine, Charles (1513-1587), poet, [178], [182].
Fontaines, Madame de (d. 1730), novelist, [419].
Fontanes, L. de (1757-1821), poet, [403], [468].
Fontaney, A. C. (?-1837), poet and critic, [547], [548].
Fontenay-Mareuil, F. Duval de (1595-1647), memoir-writer, [336].
Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de (1657-1757), miscellaneous writer, [453].
Forbin, C. de (1656-1733), memoir-writer, [345].
Fourberies de Scapin, [313].
Franc Archier de Bagnolet, [158].
Frère Lubin, [177].
Fréron, Elie Cathérine (1719-1776), journalist, [460], [474].
Froissart, Jean (1337-1410), historian and poet, [103], [104], [132]-135.
Furetière, Antoine (1620-1688), novelist and miscellaneous writer, [325].
Gaboriau, E. (1835-1873), novelist, [557].
Gace Brulé (13th cent.), poet, [69].
Galerie du Palais, [297].
Galiani, Abbé (1681-1753), economist and letter-writer, [450], [490].
Gamon, Achille (16th cent.), memoir-writer, [257].
Ganelon, [13], [14], [21].
Garat, D. J. (1749-1833), journalist, etc., [464], [465].
Gargantua, [185]-187.
Garin le Loherain, [20].
Garnier, Robert (1545-c. 1601), dramatist, [224], [225].
Gaspard de la Nuit, [548].
Gassendi (1592-1655), Neo-Epicurean philosopher, [375].
Gautier, Théophile (1811-1872), poet, critic, and novelist, [537], [542], [546].
Gaymar, Geoffrey (b. 1149), chronicler, [76].
Gazetteers, the rhyming, [289].
Génie du Christianisme, [429], [431].
Genlis, Madame de (1746-1830), novelist, [434], [443].
Geoffrey of Monmouth (12th cent.), historian, [34] sqq.
Gérard de Roussillon, [20].
Gérard de Viane, [21].
Gerson, Jean Charlier de (1363-1429), theologian, [142].
Geruzez, E. (1799-1865), critic, [565].
Gesta Romanorum, [52].
Geste, Meaning of, [10] note [1].
Giélée, Jacquemart (13th cent.), poet, [55].
Gilbert, N. J. L. (1751-1780), poet, [401].
Gil Blas, [411], [417], [418].
Gillot, Jacques (16th cent.), political writer, [260].
Ginguené, P. L. (1748-1816), critic, etc., [464].
Girardin, Madame de (1804-1855), dramatist, [554].
Girartz de Rossilho, [25], [28], [29].
Giron le Courtois, [36], [39].
Glatigny, A., poet, [551].
Globe, [520].
Glorieux, [411].
Godeau, A. (1605-1672), poet, [278].
Golden Violet, etc., [32], [33].
Gombaud, J. Ogier de (1570-1666), poet, [276].
Gomberville, Marin le Roy Seigneur de (1600-1647), poet and novelist, [278], [322].
Gourville, Jean Hérault de (d. 1703), memoir-writer, [343].
Graal, the Holy, Chapter iv., passim.
Grammont, Chevalier de (see Hamilton).
---- Maréchal de, and his family, literary work of, [344].
Grandes Chroniques de France, [128], [130], [131].
Grand Cyrus, [321].
Grandeur et Décadence des Romains, [476].
Grands Capitaines, [250].
Grands Jours d'Auvergne, [389].
Gratien du Pont (16th cent.), poet, [172].
Great St. Graal, [35].
Gréban, Arnoul and Simon (15th cent.), dramatists, [115].
Gresset, J. B. L. (1709-1777), poet and dramatist, [399], [412].
Grévin, J. (1540-1570), dramatist and poet, [210], [223].
Grimm, F. M. (1723-1807), miscellanist, [445].
Gringore, Pierre (1478-1544), poet and dramatist, [169], [216], [217].
Grondeur, [317].
Guénée, Antoine (1717-1803), controversialist, [460], [474].
Guiart, Guillaume (13th cent.), chronicler, [76].
Guillaume de Palerne, [96].
Guise, François, Duke of (1519-1563), memoir-writer, [257].
---- Henri, Duke of (1614-1663), memoir-writer, [344].
Guizot, F. P. G. (1787-1874), historian, &c., [573].
Guttinguer, U. (1785-1866), poet, [543].
Guyot de Provins, trouvère, [78].
---- or Kyot, author of Provençal Percevale, trouvère, [30].
Habert, François (1520-1562 or 1574), poet, [178].
---- Philippe (1605-1637), poet, [178].
Haillan, du (1537-1610), historian, [258].
Halévy, L. (b. 1834), dramatist and novelist, [555].
Hamilton, Anthony (1640-1720), poet and tale-teller, [288], [328].
Han d'Islande, [521].
Hardy, Alexandre (1560-1631), dramatist, [292].
Helgaire, Bp., [3] note [2].
Helvétius, Claude Adrien (1715-1771), philosopher, [493].
Hénault, E. J. F., President (1685-1770), lawyer, &c., [443].
Henriade, [396], [398], [399].
Henri de Valenciennes (12th cent.), chronicler, [129].
Heptameron, [191], [192].
Héraclius, [298].
Herberay des Essarts, Nicolas (d. 1550), translator, [237].
Hernani, [522].
Héroet, Antoine (d. 1568), poet, [179].
Histoire Amoureuse des Gaules, [345].
Histoire Ancienne, [438].
Histoire Comique de Francion, [324], [325].
Histoire de l'Anarchie de Pologne, [441].
Histoire de Port Royal, [528].
Histoire Littéraire de la France, [502].
Histoire des Indes, [440].
Histoire des Oracles, [454].
Histoire des Variations des Églises Protestantes, [381].
Historia Britonum, [34].
Historiettes of Tallemant des Réaux, [391].
Holbach, P. H. Thiry Baron d' (1723-1789), philosophe,

[494], [501].
Horace, [297].
Housse Partie, [51].
Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885), poet, novelist, and dramatist, [521]-527.
Hugues Capet, [21].
Hugues de Rotelande, trouvère, [46].
Huon de Bordeaux, [19], [21].
Huon de Méry (13th cent.), trouvère, [95].
Iambes (Barbier), [545].
Iambes (Chénier), [403].
Illusion comique, [295], [297].
Impromptu de Versailles, [311].
Inès de Castro, [406].
Institution Chrétienne, [230].
Iphigénie, [303].
Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem, [430], [431].
Jacques de Lalaing, [148].
Jacques le Fataliste, [424], [428].
Jalousie du Barbouillé, [310], [312].
Jamyn, Amadis (1530-1585), poet, [204], [209], [214].
Janin, J. (1804-1874), novelist and critic, [557].
Jargon, [157].
Jaufré, [30].
Jean de Tuim (13th cent.), trouvère, [146].
Jeannin, Pierre (1546-1622), diplomatist, [256].
Jehan de Paris, [103] note.
Jeu du Prince des Sots et de Mère Sotte, [121], [216].
Jeu parti, [66].
Joconde, [283].
Jodelle, Étienne (1532-1573), dramatist and poet, [219], [220].
Joinville, Jean de (1224-1319), chronicler, [130], [131].
example from, [137].
Joly, Claude (1607-1700), and Guy. (17th cent.), memoir-writers, [340].
Jonah, Book of, [4].
Joubert, Joseph (1754-1824), pensée-writer, [467]-469.
Joufrois de Poitiers, [98].
Jourdains de Blaivies, [19], [21].
Juives, [225].
Julie, [486].
Jus de la Feuillie, [115].
Juvenal des Ursins, Jean (1350-1431), chronicler, [135], [136].
Karr, A. (b. 1801), novelist and journalist, [557].
Krüdener, Madame de (1764-1824), novelist, [434].
Labé, Louise (1526-1566), poetess, [178], [179], [208], [288], [543].
Labiche, E. (b. 1815), dramatist, [554].
La Boëtie, Étienne de (1530-1563), poet, &c., [209], [242], [249].
La Borderie (16th cent.), poet, [179].
La Bruyère, Jean de (1645-1696), novelist, [364]-367.
La Calprenède, Gauthier de Coste, Seigneur de (1610-1653), novelist, [321].
La Châtre, E. de (17th cent.), memoir-writer, [339], [343].
La Chaussée, Nivelle de (1692-1754), dramatist, [411], [415].
La Condamine, C. M. de (1701-1774), scientific writer, [501].
Lacordaire, J. B. H. (1802-1861), journalist and preacher, [569].
Lacretelle, C. J. D. (1766-1855), historian, [464], [465].
La Fare, Marquis de (1644-1712), poet, [288].
La Fayette, Madame de (1634-1693), novelist, [322], [325]-328, [362], [419].
La Fontaine, Jean (1631-1697), poet and dramatist, [280]-284.
Lafosse, A. de (1653-1708), dramatist, [307].
Lagrange-Chancel, F. J. de (1677-1758), poet, [397].
La Harpe, J. F. de (1739-1803), dramatist and critic, [459], [465], [468].
Lais, [6], [73], [100].
La Jacquerie, [537].
La Légende des Siècles, [524], [525].
La Marche, O. de la (15th cent.), chronicler, [134].
Lamartine, Alphonse Prat de (1791-1869), poet, historian, and novelist, [513].
Lambert (li Cors), 12th cent., trouvère, [43].
Lamennais, Félicité Robert de (1782-1854), theologian and journalist, [514].
La Mettrie, J. O. de (1709-1757), philosopher, [492].
La Morte Amoureuse, [539].
La Mothe le Vayer, F. de (1588-1672), moralist, &c., [375].
La Motte, Antoine Houdart de (1672-1731), dramatist and critic, [455], [457].
Lancelot du Lac, [36], [38], [39], [40].
Lanfrey, P. (1828-1877), historian, [578].
Langue d'Oc, [26], [27].
Langue d'Oil, [26].
L'Année Terrible, [525].
La Noue, F. de (1651-1691), memoir-writer, [253].
---- J. B. Sauvé (1701-1761) dramatist, [413].
La Nouvelle Héloïse, [425], [488].
La Péruse, Jean de (16th cent.), poet, [209].
Lapidaries, [145].
Laprade, V. de (1812-1887), poet, [547].
La Princesse de Clèves, [326].
Larivey, Pierre (b. c. 1540), comic author, [226].
La Rochefoucauld, François de Marcillac, Duke de (1613-1680), moralist and memoir-writer, [326], [327], [362]-364.
La Salle, A. de (1398-1460?), romance-writer, [146]-148, [152], [156].
La Taille, Jacques de (1541-1562), poet and dramatist, [210], [223].
La Taille, Jean de (1540-1608), poet and dramatist, [210], [223], [226].
Latin to French, relation of, [1]-3.
Latin Literature, influence of, on Early French, [2].
La Tour Landry, Chevalier de (14th cent.), moralist, [142], [143].
L'Avare, [312].
Laws of William the Conqueror, [144].
League, preachers of the, [232].
Le Bel Inconnu, [97].
Lebel, Jean (14th cent.), chronicler, [131], [132].
Lebrun, Escouchard (1729-1807), poet, [400]-401.
Le Capitaine Fracasse, [539].
Le Cid, [505].
Leconte de Lisle, C. M. R. (b. 1818), poet, [549].
L'Écossaise, [291], [461].
Leger, St., Life of, [4], [6].
Législation Primitive, [408].
Legouvé, G. M. J. G. (1764-1812), poet and dramatist, [409].
---- Ernest (b. 1807), dramatist, [554].
Le Houx, Jean (d. 1616), poet, [280].
Le Lépreux de la Cité d'Aoste, [434].
L'Empereur Constant, [147].
Le Roi Flore et la belle Jehanne, [147].
Le Maire de Belges, J. (1475-1548), poet and historian, [169], [235].
Lemercier, N. (1771-1840), poet and dramatist, [403], [409], [414].
Lemierre, A. M. (1723-1793), poet, [399].
Lenient, C. F. (b. 1826), critic, [565].
Leroy, Pierre (16th cent.), political writer, [260].
Lesage, Alain René (1668-1747), novelist and dramatist, [409], [414], [417], [418].
Les Châtiments, [524], [538].
Les Contemplations, [524].
Les Contemporaines, [428].
Lescurel, Jehannot de (14th cent.), poet, [102], [104].
ballade from, [106].
Les Misérables, [524].
Les Quatre Vents de l'Esprit, [525].
Lespinasse, Mademoiselle de (1732-1776), letter-writer, [446].
Les Saisnes, [21].
L'Estoile, Pierre de (16th cent.), memoir-writer, [255].
Lettres de Quelques Juifs, [460].
Lettres du Sépulcre, [144].
Lettres Persanes, [475], [476].
Le Vavasseur, L. G. (b. 1819), poet and critic, [550].
L'Homme-Machine, [493].
L'Homme qui Rit, [524].
L'Hospital, Michel de (1505-1573), [249].
Liber de Creaturis, [79].
Lingua romana rustica, [2], [140].
L'Isle, C. J. Rouget de (1760-1836), poet, [405].
Literature proper, beginning of, [7].
Littré, E. (1801-1881), positivist and philologist, [567], [568].
Livre des Cent Ballades, [106].
Livre des faits du Maréchal de Bouciqualt, [135].
Livres de raison, [145].
Loret, J. (d. 1665), poet and gazetteer, [289].
Lorris, William of (13th cent.), trouvère, [82], [87].
Lutrin, [285], [286].
Lyrics, origins of, [62].
Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de (1709-1785), historian and publicist, [440].
Macaire, [21].
Macette, [268].
Machault, Guillaume de (c. 1284-1377), poet, [102]-104.
Chanson Balladée from, [107].
Mademoiselle, La Grande, see Montpensier.
Magny, Olivier de (d. 1560), poet, [207], [208].
Mahomet, [408].
Maillard, Olivier (1440-1502), preacher, [166].
Maimbourg, L. (1610-1688), historian, [333].
Maintenon, Madame de (1635-1719), letter-writer, [323].
Mairet, Jean (1604-1686), dramatist, [293].
Maistre, Joseph Marie de (1753-1821), philosopher and political writer, [496].
Maistre, Xavier de (1763-1852), novelist, [434].
Malade Imaginaire, [313], [315].
Malebranche, Nicolas (1638-1715), philosopher, [377].
Malfilâtre, J. C. L. de Clinchamp, (1733-1767), poet, [401].
Malherbe, François de (1555-1628), poet, [274]-276.
school of, [276].
Manekine, [97].
Manon Lescaut, [416], [422].
Mantel Mautaillié, [51].
Map, Walter (12th cent.), prose romancer, [34], [35], [36], [38], [39], [127].
Maquet, A. (1813-1888) dramatist and novelist, [548].
Marguerite d'Angoulême, Queen of Navarre (1422-1549), poetess and tale-teller, [190], [191].
Marguerite de Valois, Queen of Navarre and France (1553-1615), memoir-writer, [254].
Marguerites de la Marguerite des Princesses, [178], [192].
Mariage de Figaro, [413].
Mariamne, [292], [293].
Marianne, [420], [423].
Marie de France (13th cent.), poetess, [55], [60], [61], [73].
Marigny, J. Carpentier de (17th cent.), poet, [278].
Marillac, M. de (1573-1632), memoir-writer, [336].
'Marivaudage,' [412], [420], [435], [453].
Marivaux, Pierre Carlet de (1688-1763), novelist and dramatist, [412], [419], [421], [423].
Marmontel, Jean François (1723-1799), dramatist, critic, etc., [413], [427], [458], [468].
Marot, Clément (c. 1497-1544), poet, [172]-177, [209], [269].
school of, [177], [180].
Marot, Jean (1463-1523), poet, [165].
Martial d'Auvergne (c. 1420-1508), poet, [163].
Martin, H. (1810-1887), historian, [578].
Mascaron, Jean (1634-1703), preacher, [389].
Massillon, Jean Baptiste (1663-1742), preacher, [386], [388].
Maucroix, F. de (1619-1708), poet, [278].
Maupassant, G. de, poet and novelist, [552].
Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de (1698-1759), mathematician and physicist, [501].
Maynard, Jean (1582-1646), poet, [276].
Mazarinades, [323], [333], [351].
Médecin malgré lui, [312].
Médecin Volant, [310].
Médée, [295], [297].
Méditations (Descartes), [370].
Méditations (Lamartine), [513], [520].
Mélite, [295], [297].
Mémoires de Grammont, [328].
Mémoires d'Outre Tombe, [430].
Ménage, G. de (1613-1692), scholar, [349], [367] note.
Ménippée, Satyre, [259]-264, [271], [358].
Menot, Michel (1440-1518), preacher, [166].
Menteur, [297], [299], [308].
Menteur, Suite du, [297].
Méon, Dominique Martin (1748-1829), scholar, [502].
Méraugis de Portlesguez, [82], [95].
Mercure Galant, [316].
Mercuriales (D'Aguesseau), [457].
Mérimée, Prosper (1803-1870), novelist, historian, and miscellaneous writer, [435], [536], [542].
Merlin, [36].
Mérope, [408].
Méry, J. (1798-1866), poet and novelist, [546].
Meschinot, Jean (1415 or 1420-1491 or 1509), poet, [165].
Messéniennes, [519].
Métromanie, [404], [411].
Meung, Jean de (13th cent.), political writer and poet, [83], [84], [86], [104].
Mézeray, François Eudes de (1610-1683), historian, [333], [334].
Michel, Francisque (1809-1888), scholar, [13].
Michel, Jean (d. 1495), mystery-writer, [112].
Michelet, Jules (1798-1874), historian, etc., [575].
Micromégas, [423].
Mignardises Amoureuses de l'Admirée, [208].
Mignet, F. (b. 1796), historian, [574], [575].
Millevoye, C. (1782-1816), poet, [543].
Miracles de la Vierge, [111], [114].
Misanthrope, [310], [312], [318].
Moïse Sauvé, [279].
Molière, J. B. Poquelin (1622-1673), dramatist, [309]-315.
his comedy, [318].
Molinet, Jehan (d. 1507), poet and chronicler, [165], [169].
Moniage Guillaume, [19].
Monnier, H. (1799-1877), novelist and miscellaneous writer, [566].
Monologue, [116].
Monologue du Gendarme Cassé, [163].
Monselet, C. (1829-1888), miscellaneous writer, [566].
Monstrelet, Enguerrand de (c. 1390-1453), chronicler, [134].
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem, Sieur de (1533-1592), [241]-248.
Montalembert, C. F. de (1810-1870), historian and political writer, [569].
Montchrestien, Antoine de (d. 1621), dramatist, [291].
Montégut, E. (b. 1826), critic, [564].
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron de (1689-1755), political philosopher, [475]-478.
Montfleury, A. J. (1640-1685), actor and dramatist, [315].
Montluc, Blaise de (1502-1577), memoir-writer, [252].
Montpensier, A. M. L. de (La Grande Mademoiselle), (1627-1693), memoir-writer, [341].
Monuments, Early, [3]-6.
Moralité des Enfans de Maintenant, [120].
Moralities, [120], [216], [217], [218].
Moreau, Hégésippe (1810-1838), poet, [546].
Morellet, André F. (1727-1819), critic and economist, [490].
Mort Artus, [36], [39].
Mort de Pompée, [297].
Motteville, Madame de (1612-1689), memoir-writer, [338].
Mouskès, Philippe (1215-1283), chronicler, [76].
Moyen de Parvenir, [194].
Mummolinus, St., bishop of Noyon, [3], [140].
Mundus, caro, daemonia, [121], [218].
Murger, H. (1822-1861), novelist, [559].
Muset, Colin (13th cent.), trouvère, [69].
Musset, Alfred de (1810-1857), poet, novelist, and dramatist, [534], [540], [541], [545].
Mysteries and Miracle Plays, [110]-113, [153], [216], [218].
Mystère de Saint Louis, [216], [217].
Mystère du Viel Testament, [112], [113].
Mystery of Adam, [111].
Nadaud, G. (b. 1820), poet, [550].
Naimes, Duke, [13], [22].
Nangis, Guillaume de (b. 1302), historian, [130].
Nanine, [413].
Naturalism and naturalists, [161].
Nemours, Marie de (1625-1707), memoir-writer, [338].
Nennius, (9th cent.), chronicler, [34], [35].
Nerval, Gérard de (1805-1857), poet and novelist, [537], [545].
Neveu de Rameau, [425].
Newspapers, [463]-465.
Newspapers of the Revolution, [463].
Nicholas of Troyes (16th cent.), novelist, [189].
Nicole, P. (1625-1695), [351], [374].
Nicomède, [298].
Nisard, D. (1806-1888), critic, [565].
Nobla Leyczon, [32].
Nodier, Charles (1780-1844), miscellaneous writer, [518].
Noel du Fail (1520-1591), tale-teller,