[8. Remarks.]
Assimilation of mp to pp and nk to kk appears also quite early in Danish and Swedish, e.g., kap (kapp) and drocken (see Kalkar), kapp and drokken (Sw.). U—Umlaut seems to be more limited in O. N. than in O. Ic. O. Ic. hl, hn, hr initially appear early as simple l, n, r in O. N. (see Noreen 528), e.g., O. Ic. hlaupa, O. N. loupa; O. Ic. hniga, O. N. niga; O. Ic. hringr, O. N. ringr; O. Ic. fn appears in O. N. as bn or mn, e.g., O. Ic. nafn, O. N. namn (N. Norse navn, nabn, namn). Initial hv, which was a heavy guttural spirant, became kv in Western Norway, kv and khv in Iceland (though written hv still), e.g., O. N., O. Ic. hvelva, Norse kvelva. O. N. ø became æ in Iceland, døma > dæma. O. N. æi became ei in Iceland, e.g., O. N. stæin > O. Ic. stein, O. N. bæin > O. Ic. bein (stin and bin in O. Dan.).
[9. Characteristics of Old Northumbrian.]
The following are some of the chief differences between O. Nhb. and W. S:
1. Preference in O. Nhb. for a in many cases where W. S. has e.
2. A sometimes appears in closed syllable where W. S. has æ.
3. A before l + consonant is not broken to ea (Sievers § 121.3, and Lindelöf: Die Sprache des Durham Rituals).
4. A before r + consonant very frequently not broken, cp. arm, farra. Breaking occurs more often, however.
5. E before l + consonant not broken in the Ritual (see Lindelöf).
6. E before r + consonant is broken and appears as either ea or eo, cp. eorthe, earthe.