7. A before h, ht, x (hs) becomes æ. Sievers § 162.1. In W. S. a was broken to ea, cp. O. Nhb. sax, W. S. seax. This Lindelöf explains as due to the different quality of the h—in W. S. it was guttural, hence caused breaking; in Nhb. it was palatal and hence the preceding a was palatalized to æ.
8. Nhb. umlaut of o is œ. In W. S. it was e, cp. dœma, sœca, W. S. dēman, sēcan. See Sievers §§ 27 and 150.4. Bouterwek CXXVII, and Lindelöf. This difference was, however, levelled out, Nhb. œ becoming also e, according to Sievers.
9. Special Nhb. diphthongs ei, ai, cp. heista, seista, W. S. hiehsta, siexta.
10. Influence of preceding w was greater than in the South. A diphthong whose second element was a dark vowel was simplified generally to a dark vowel (Lindelöf), e.g., weo > wo, wio > wu, cp. weorld > world, weord > word, etc.
11. W. S. t is represented quite frequently by ð or d, regularly so when combined with l, often so when combined with s. See Lindelöf above.
12. W. S. ð frequently appears as d in the North; the reverse also occurs. See Bouterwek CXLII-CXLV. In a few cases ð > t.
13. C before t where W. S. regularly has h. See Bouterwek.
14. Metathesis of r less extensive than in W. S.
15. Preceding g, c, sc did not cause diphthongation in Nhb. as often as in W. S.
16. Generally speaking, less extensive palatalization in Nhb. than in W. S.