A Civic Biology, Presented in Problems

by George W. Hunter

• Absorption, definition, [270];
  • of digested foods, [308], [309].
• Accommodation of eye, [361].
• Acetanilid, [295].
• Action of the heart, [319].
• Adaptations, [24];
  • in bee, [36];
  • in birds, [189];
  • in fish, [232];
  • in frog, [241];
  • in mammalia, [192].
• Adenoids, [340], [395].
• Adulteration in foods, [288].
• Air, and bacteria, [145];
  • composition of, [20];
  • fresh, [337];
  • needed in germination, [66];
  • necessary in starch making, [91];
  • passages in lungs, [330];
  • use to plants and animals, [21].
• Albumin, [62].
• Alcohol, a food, [289];
  • a poison, [291].
  • and ability to resist disease, [363];
  • and ability to work, [368];
  • and body heat, [345];
  • and crime, [371], [372];
  • and digestion, [311];
  • and duration of life, [370];
  • and efficiency, [369];
  • and heredity, [372];
  • and intellectual ability, [364];
  • and kidneys, [346];
  • and living matter, [291];
  • and memory, [365];
  • and mental ability, [366];
  • and nervous system, [362];
  • and organs of special sense, [362];
  • and pauperism, [371];
  • and resistance, [327];
  • and respiration, [346];
  • and the blood, [327];
  • and treatment of disease, [364];
  • effect on circulation, [327];
  • effect on eye, [361];
  • effect on liver, [312];
  • produces poisons, [347].
• Algæ, [176].
• Alfalfa plant, [151].
• Alimentary canal, [297].
• Alkali, [306].
• Alkalinity, [298].
• Alligator, [230].
• Ambergris, [205].
• Ammonium hydrate, [61].
• Amœba, [170], [182], [332].
• Amphibia, [186], [187];
  • as food, [202].
• Anal fin of fish, [233].
• Angiosperms, [176].
• Animals, as disease carriers, [227];
  • breeding of, [259];
  • domesticated, [260];
  • functions of, [48], [180];
  • need plants, [34];
  • oils of, [205];
  • parasitic, [227];
  • series, [182];
  • that prey upon man, [230];
  • use to man, [17];
  • use to plants, [34].
• Annual rings, [98].
• Anopheles, [217], [218].
• Anosia plexippus, [32].
• Anther, [36].
• Antibodies, uses of, [316].
• Antiseptics, [157].
• Antitoxin, [157], [391].
• Anura, [188].
• Anvil, [359].
• Aorta, [320].
• Apoplexy, [328].
• Appendages of the fish, [233].
• Appendicular skeleton, [268].
• Appendix, [309].
• Apples, [56], [124].
• Aqueous humor, [361].
• Arachnida, [185].
• Arteries, [318];
  • structure of, [323].
• Arthropods, [185].
• Artificial, cross-pollination, [46];
  • propagation of fishes, [240];
  • respiration, [340];
  • selection, [253].
• Asexual reproduction, [174].
• Assimilation in plants, [103].
• Attention, effect of alcohol, [364].
• Audubon, [211].
• Auricle of human heart, [319];
  • of fish heart, [236].
• Automatic activity, [348], [354].
• Axial skeleton, [268].

• Bacillus, [142].
• Bacteria, [134];
  • and fermentation, [150];
  • cause decay, [149];
  • cause disease, [151];
  • effect on food, [144];
  • growth of, [145];
  • isolating a pure culture, [142];
  • nitrogen fixing, [80], [81], [151], [152];
  • of decay, [144];
  • relation to man, [16];
  • size and form, [142], [143];
  • useful, [150];
  • where found, [139], [141].
• Bacteriology, [16].
• Bad posture, [270].
• Balanced, aquarium, [159], [160];
  • diet, [285].
• Barbels of fish, [234].
• Barberry embryo, [103].
• Bark, use of, [98].
• Barrier, natural, [25].
• Bast, [97].
• Beans, as food, [62].
• Beans, peas, [55].
• Beans, seedlings, [63].
• Bedroom, care of, [374].
• Bee, adaptations, [36];
  • head of, [38];
  • mouth parts, [38].
• Beer and wine making, [137].
• Benedict's test, [68].
• Benzoic acid, [148].
• Beverages and condiments, [124].
• Biceps, [269].
• Bichloride of mercury, [148].
• Bile, functions of, [306], [307].
• Biology, definition, [15];
  • relation to society, [18].
• Birds, [189];
  • as food, [202];
  • classification, [191];
  • development, [246];
  • eat insects, [209];
  • eat weed seeds, [210];
  • embryo, [246], [247].
• Bismuth, [304].
• Bison, [192].
• Black Death, [227].
• Blade of leaf, [85].
• Blastula, [177].
• Blood, amount and distribution, [318];
  • changes in lungs, [330];
  • circulation of man, [318];
  • clotting, [314];
  • composition, [314];
  • effect of alcohol, [327];
  • function, [313];
  • plates, [315];
  • poisoning, [156];
  • temperature, [318];
  • vessel of skin, [344].
• Blubber, [205].
• Blue crab, [199].
• Board of health, functions, [389].
• Body, a machine, [348];
  • cavity, [270];
  • heat and alcohol, [345];
  • of fish, [232].
• Bony fish, [187].
• Boracic acid, [148].
• Borax, [148].
• Brain, of fish, [237];
• Brain, of man, [351].
• Bread, making, [139];
  • mold, [133].
• Bream, [233].
• Breathing, [333];
  • and tight clothing, [339];
  • hygienic habits, [338];
  • in leaf, [93];
  • of fish, [234];
  • of frog, [242];
  • of vertebrates, [232];
  • rate of, [334].
• Breeding of animals, [259].
• Bright's disease, [346].
• Bronchi, [330].
• Bronchial tubes, [330].
• Bruises, [345].
• Bryophytes, [176].
• Bubonic plague, [227].
• Budding, [255], [256].
• Bumblebees, [37].
• Burbank, Luther, [406].
• Burns, treatment of, [345].
• Butter and eggs, [38], [39].

• Calorie, portion, [286];
  • requirement, [282].
• Calyx, [35].
• Cambium layer, [98].
• Canning, [145].
• Cannon, Prof., [304].
• Capillaries, [318], [323];
  • circulation in, [322];
  • of fish, [236].
• Carbohydrates, [60], [273].
• Carbolic acid, [149].
• Carbon and oxygen cycle, [161].
• Carbon dioxide, test for, [64].
• Care of milk supply, [380], [383].
• Carnivorous, [230].
• Caudal fin of fish, [233].
• Cause of dyspepsia, [310].
• Cells, [50];
  • as units, [171];
  • division, [51];
  • mucous, [299];
  • of pond scum, [173];
  • reproduction of, [50];
  • respiration, [332];
  • tissue, [179];
  • work of, [270].
• Cephalothorax, [185].
• Cerebellum, [352].
• Cerebro-spinal nervous system, [350].
• Cerebrum, [351].
• Cestodes, [227].
• Changes, of blood in lungs, [330];
  • of air in lungs, [331].
• Characters, determiners of, [258].
• Chelonia, [188].
• Chemical, compounds, [20];
  • elements, [20];
  • of human body, [21].
• Chestnut canker, [131].
• China, deforestation in, [108].
• Chittenden table, [311].
• Chloral, [293].
• Chlorophyll bodies, [50], [90].
• Chloroplasts, [90].
• Chromosomes, [50];
  • and heredity, [251].
• Chrysalis, [33].
• Cilia, [171].
• Circulation, effect of alcohol, [327];
  • effect of exercise, [326];
  • effect of tobacco, [328];
  • in fish, frog, man, [321], [322];
  • in stem, [99], [100], [101];
  • of blood of man, [318];
  • of fish, [236];
  • of frog, [243];
  • portal, [322];
  • pulmonary, [320];
  • systemic, [320].
• City's need for trees, [115].
• Civic hygiene, [388].
• Clams, [200].
• Classification, of birds, [191];
  • of plants, [176].
• Cloaca of frog, [243].
• Clothing, [203].
• Clotting of blood, [314].
• Coal, [64].
• Cobra, [230].
• Cocaine, [293].
• Coccus bacteria, [142].
• Cochineal and lac, [208].
• Cochlea, [359].
• Codling moth, [215].
• Cœlenterates, [183].
• Cold-blooded animals, [318];
  • effect of, [23].
• Cold storage, [147].
• Colds and fevers, [343].
• Coleoptera, [32].
• Collecting ashes, [387].
• Colonies of bacteria, [141];
  • of trilliums, [175].
• Colorless corpuscles, [313];
  • structure, [315];
  • function, [316].
• Common foods contain nutrients, [275].
• Comparison, of food tube of frog and man, [297];
  • of mold, yeast and bacteria, [143];
  • of starch making and milling, [92].
• Complemental air, [334].
• Complex one-celled animals, [171].
• Composition, of milk, [273], [280];
  • of plasma, [313];
  • of soil, [77].
• Compound eyes of bumblebee, [37], [38].
• Conservation, of food fish, [239];
  • of fur-bearing animals, [204];
  • of our natural resources, [17].
• Constipation, [310].
• Constrictor killing a mouse, [213].
• Contagious diseases, [152].
• Convolutions, [352].
• Corn, [120], [121];
  • germinated grain cut lengthwise, [69];
  • long section of ear, [67];
  • structure of grain, [66].
• Cornfield, [44].
• Corolla, [35].
• Corpuscles, colorless and red, [313].
• Cost of food and diet, [281], [283];
  • of parasitism, [263].
• Cotton, [125];
  • boll weevil, [126], [127], [214].
• Cotyledons, [59];
  • food in, [60].
• Crab, [199].
• Crayfish, [184].
• Crocodile, [230].
• Crocodilia, [189].
• Crustacea, [185].
• Culex, [218], [218].
• Culture medium, [140].
• Cuts and bruises, treatment, [326], [345].

• Daily calorie requirement, [282];
  • fuel needs of body, [284].
• Dandelion, whorled leaves, [90].
• Darwin, Charles, [40], [404].
• Darwin and natural selection, [253].
• Deaths, table, [312].
• Decay caused by bacteria, [149].
• Decayed teeth, [396].
• Defects in eye, [361].
• Deforestation in China, [108].
• Dendrites, [351].
• Department of Agriculture, work of, [255].
• Department of street cleaning, [387].
• Determiners, [251];
  • of character, [258].
• Development, of apple, [56];
  • of bird, [246];
  • of egg, [178];
  • of trout, [238];
  • of mammal, [247];
  • of salmon, [241];
  • of simple animal, [177].
• Diagram of frog's tongue, [242];
  • of gills of fish, [235];
  • of neuron, [351];
  • of wall small intestine, [307].
• Diaphragm, [270], [297].
• Diastase, [101], [300];
  • action on starch, [69].
• Diet, and cost of food, [281];
  • and digestibility, [281];
  • balanced, [285];
  • relation of age, [280];
  • relation of environment to, [280];
  • relation to sex, [280];
  • relation of work to, [277];
  • the best, [284].
• Dietary, the best, [282].
• Digested food, absorption of, [308].
• Digestibility and diet, [281].
• Digestion, [68], [100], [181];
  • effect of alcohol, [311];
  • definition of, [270];
  • in stem, [99];
  • in stomach, [304];
  • of starch, [299];
  • purpose of, [69], [296].
• Digestive system of fish, [235].
• Digestive tract of frog and man, [297].
• Diphtheria, [152].
• Dipnoi, [187], [236].
• Diptera, [31].
• Discoverers of living matter, [398].
• Disease, and alcohol, [312];
  • and bacteria, [151];
  • carriers, animals, [226];
  • carriers, flies, [222];
  • carriers, insects, [225];
  • caused by bacteria, [152];
  • caused by protozoa, [172];
  • effect of alcohol, [327];
  • of nose and throat, [340];
  • protozoan, [221].
• Disinfectants, [148].
• Division of labor, [178], [267].
• Dog, skeleton, [185].
• Domesticated animals, [203], [260].
• Dominant characters, [258].
• Dormant, [22].
• Dorsal, [186];
  • fin, [233].
• Drugs, use and abuse, [294].
• Duff, [113].
• Dyspepsia, cause and prevention, [310].

• Ear, section, [359].
• Echinoderms, [184].
• Economic value of green plants, [117];
  • importance of spawning habits of fishes, [239].
• Ectoderm, [177].
• Effect of light on leaves, [88].
• Efficiency of a week, [370].
• Egg, [177], [246].
• Egg-laying habits of fishes, [238].
• Ehrlich, Paul, [403].
• Elasmobranchs, [187].
• Elements, chemical, [20], [21].
• Elodea, [49], [50].
• Embryo, [58], [59], [103];
  • of bird, [247];
  • of mammal, [247].
• Emulsion, [306].
• Endoderm, [177].
• Endoskeleton, definition, [237].
• Endosperm, [67].
• Enemies of forests, [113], [114].
• Energy, [64];
  • of a tree, [94];
  • source of, [88].
• English sparrow, [212].
• Environment, [19], [19];
  • care and improvement of, [26];
  • changes in, [25];
  • determines kind of plants and animals, [23], [23], [24];
  • normal, [28];
  • of man, [26], [266];
  • natural, [25];
  • relation to diet, [280];
  • what plants and animals take from, [21].
• Enzymes, [68], [101], [298].
• Epicotyl, [59].
• Epidermis, [86].
• Epithelial layer, [308].
• Epithelium, [179].
• Erosion, prevention of, [106], [108];
  • at Sayre, Pa., [106].
• Essential organs, [36].
• Esophagus, [302].
• Eugenics, [261].
• Eustachian tubes, [300], [359].
• Euthenics, [264].
• Evaporation, [99];
  • of water, [85], [86], [87].
• Evolution, [194], [195].
• Excretion, [181], [270], [332];
  • organs of, [340];
  • in plants, [103].
• Exercise and circulation, [326];
  • and health, [339].
• Exoskeleton, [185], [237].
• Extermination of birds, [211].
• Eye, compound, [30];
  • defects in, [361];
  • section of, [360].
• Eyestrain, [395].

• Factory inspection, [379].
• Fallowing, [82].
• Fatigue, [326];
  • and nerve cells, [356].
• Fats and oils, [60], [273].
• Fehling's solution, [68], [299].
• Fermentation, [135], [136], [150].
• Fertilization, of fish eggs, [240];
  • of flower, [54].
• Fibers, vegetable, [127].
• Fibrin, [315].
• Fibrinogen, [315].
• Fig insect, [43].
• Filament, [36].
• Filter beds at Albany, N. Y., [385].
• Fins, [233].
• Fishes, [186];
  • artificial propagation, [240];
  • as food, [201];
  • body of, [232];
  • breathing, [234];
  • circulation, [236], [321];
  • digestive system, [235];
  • egg-laying habits, [238];
  • food getting, [234];
  • food of, [237];
  • gills, [234];
  • heart, [236];
  • migration, [238];
  • nervous system, [237];
  • skeleton, [237];
  • senses, [233];
  • swim bladder, [236].
• Fission, [170].
• Flagella of bacteria, [142].
• Flatworms, [183].
• Flax, [128].
• Flea, [225].
• Floral envelope, [35].
• Flower, fertilization of, [54];
  • lengthwise section, [35];
  • use and structure, [35].
• Fluid, [181].
• Fly, a disease carrier, [222];
  • foot of, [223];
  • life history, [222];
  • typhoid, [223].
• Foods, absorption of, [309];
  • adulteration, [288];
  • amphibia as, [202];
  • birds as, [202];
  • cost of, [283];
  • fish as, [201];
  • fruits and seeds, [119];
  • getting of fish, [234];
  • in cotyledons, [60];
  • inorganic, [274];
  • inspection, [380];
  • is alcohol a food, [289];
  • leaves, [117], [118];
  • making in green leaf, [93];
  • mammals as, [202];
  • of animal origin, [279];
  • of bacteria, [144];
  • of fishes, [237];
  • of insects, [33];
  • of plant origin, [278];
  • of starfish, [216];
  • reptiles as, [202];
  • roots as, [119];
  • stems as, [118];
  • taking, [181];
  • tube of frog, [243];
  • values, tables, [276];
  • waste in kitchen, [287];
  • why we need, [272].
• Foraminifera, [182].
• Forestry, [113].
• Forest destruction, [112], [113];
  • fires, [112];
  • of North Carolina, [105];
  • other uses, [109];
  • protecting, [114];
  • regions of United States, [109].
• Formaldehyde, [148].
• Formation of habits, [354].
• Four o'clock embryo, [103].
• Fresh air, [337].
• Frog, adaptations for life, [241];
  • and man, digestive tract, [297];
  • breathing, [242];
  • circulation, [243], [322];
  • development of, [244];
• Frog, diagram of tongue, [242];
  • food tube, [243];
  • glands, [243];
  • locomotion of, [241];
  • long section, [243];
  • metamorphosis, [245];
  • nervous system, [352];
  • sense organs, [242].
• Fruit, a typical, [55].
• Fruit of locust, [55].
• Fruits and seeds as foods, [119].
• Fruits, how scattered, [56].
• Fuel, daily needs, [284].
• Fuel values of nutrients, [277].
• Functions, of all animals, [180];
  • of an animal, [48];
  • of bile, [307];
  • of blood, [313];
  • of cerebrum, [353];
  • of colorless corpuscle, [316];
  • of lymph, [317];
  • of parts of plant, [48];
  • of red corpuscle, [314].
• Fungi, [130], [176];
  • moldlike, [135];
  • of our homes, [132].
• Fur-bearing animals, [204].

• Gall bladder, [306];
  • insects, [208].
• Gallflies, [43].
• Ganoids, [186], [187].
• Garbage cans, [377].
• Garden fruits, [123].
• Gastric glands, [303];
  • of frog, [243].
• Gastric juice, [303].
• Gastrula, [177], [178].
• Genus, [175].
• Geranium, [45].
• German forest, [114].
• Germ cells, [251].
• Germination, of bean, [63];
  • of pollen, [54].
• Gills of fish, [234];
  • rakers, [172], [234].
• Glands, [297], [298], [299];
  • gastric, [303];
  • lymph, [324];
  • of frog, [243];
  • salivary, [299].
• Glomerulus, [341].
• Glottis of frog, [243].
• Glycogen, [307].
• Gonorrhea, [156].
• Grafting, [256].
• Grains, [122].
• Grape sugar, test for, [68].
• Gravity, influence on root, [72].
• Green plants, economic value, [117];
  • give off oxygen, [95];
  • harmful, [127];
  • make starch, [90], [92].
• Groups of plants, [174].
• Guano, [82].
• Guard cells, [88].
• Gullet, [297], [300], [301], [302], [303];
  • of frog, [243].
• Gymnosperms, [176].
• Gypsy moth, [215].

• Habits, [354].
• Habitat of protozoa, [172].
• Habit formation, [354].
• Hæmoglobin, [314], [330].
• Hammer, [359].
• Hard palate, [301].
• Harm done by insects, [34], [225].
• Harmful green plants, [127];
  • preservatives, [148].
• Hay infusion, [163], [164].
• Head of a bee, [38].
• Heart a force pump, [320];
  • diagram, [319];
  • in action, [319];
  • internal structure, [319];
  • of fish, [236];
  • size, position, [318].
• Heat, and bacteria, [145];
  • effect of, [22];
  • output, [285].
• Heating the house, [375].
• Hemiptera, [32].
• Hen's egg, [246].
• Herbivorous animals, [213].
• Heredity, and evolution, [404];
  • bearers of, [251];
  • definition, [249];
• Heredity, relation of alcohol to, [372].
• Hervey, William, [399].
• Hibernate, [22].
• Hides, [205].
• Hilum, [59].
• Honey and wax, [207].
• Hookworm, [183], [228], [229].
• Horse, ancestor of, [193], [260].
• How food is swallowed, [302].
• Human blood, [314].
• Human body, a machine, [267];
  • composition of, [21].
• Human physiology, definition, [15].
• Humming bird, [43].
• Humus, [79].
• Hundred calorie portions, [286].
• Huxley, [398].
• Hybridizing, [254].
• Hybrids, [254].
• Hydra, [179].
• Hydrochloric acid, [303].
• Hydrogen of water, [20], [20].
• Hydrophobia, [392].
• Hygiene, [27];
  • of breathing, [338];
  • of skin, [344];
  • of mouth, [302];
  • of muscles and bones, [268];
  • outline, [415];
  • personal, [261].
• Hypocotyl, [59].
• Hymenoptera, [30].

• Ichneumon fly, [208].
• Illness of drinkers, [363].
• Imperfect flowers, [44], [45].
• Immunity, [157], [390].
• Improvement, by selection, [253];
  • of man, [261].
• Impure water, [289].
• Incisors, [301].
• Infectious diseases, [27], [363], [390].
• Infusoria, [182].
• Inner ear, [359].
• Inoculation, [157].
• Inorganic soil, [77];
  • foods, [274].
• Insects, [185];
  • and foods, [376];
  • as disease carriers, [225];
  • as pollinating agents, [36];
  • damage done by, [34], [214];
  • diagram of, [29];
  • food of, [33];
  • of the house, [216];
  • orders of, [30].
• Inspection, of factories, [379];
  • of raw food, [380].
• Instincts, [195].
• Internal secretions, [317].
• Intestinal fluid, [306];
  • glands, [308].
• Intestine, large, [309].
• Invertebrates, [185].
• Iris, [360].
• Isolation, [390].

• Jenner, Edward, [400].
• Jimson weed, [128].
• Jukes, [261].