A Civic Biology, Presented in Problems

by George W. Hunter

• Kidney bean, [59], [63].
• Kidneys, [181];
  • human, [341];
  • of frog, [243].
• Kinetic energy, [267].
• Knots, [112].
• Koch, Robert, [403].

• Labor, division of, [178].
• Laboratory equipment, [418].
• Lacteals, [309], [324].
• Lactic acid, [150].
• Lactometer, [288].
• Ladybug, [209].
• Large intestine, [309];
  • of frog, [243].
• Larva of milkweed butterfly, [32].
• Latent energy, [267].
• Lateral line, [234].
• Leaves, as food, [117];
  • evaporation of water from, [85];
  • cell structure of, [85];
  • mosaic, [90];
  • respiration, [96];
  • section, [49];
  • skeleton of, [85];
  • structure, [85], [86].
• Length measures, [417].
• Leopard frog, [188].
• Lepidoptera, [30].
• Levers, [269].
• Life comes from life, [399].
• Life cycle, [104];
  • of plants, [103].
• Life history of malarial parasite, [217].
• Ligaments, [268].
• Ligature, applying, [326].
• Light, a condition of environment, [21], [22];
  • and bacteria, [145];
  • effect of, [22];
  • necessary for starch making, [91].
• Lighting the home, [376].
• Lily, narrow leaves, [90].
• Limewater test, [64].
• Lister, Sir Joseph, [403].
• Liver, [306];
  • a storehouse, [307];
  • effect of alcohol on, [312];
  • of frog, [243].
• Living matter and alcohol, [291];
  • plant and animal compared, [47];
  • things, needs of, [266];
  • things, varying sizes of, [51].
• Lizard, [188].
• Lobster, [198].
• Locomotion, [181];
  • of frog, [241].
• Lowell, typhoid area, [384].
• Lumber transporting, [110]-[111].
• Lungs, air passages, [330];
  • changes of blood in, [330].
• Lymph, function, [317];
  • glands and vessels, [324], [325].
• Lysol, [148].

• MacNichol, Dr. T. Alexander, [327].
• Macronucleus, [169].
• Malaria, cause, [217].
• Malarial mosquito, [218].
• Malarial parasite, life history, [217].
• Mammal development, [247];
  • embryo, [247].
• Mammals, [191];
  • adaptations, [192];
  • as food, [202];
  • classification, [192].
• Mammary glands, [191].
• Man, animals that prey upon, [230];
  • and his environment, [266];
  • circulation of blood, [318];
  • improvement of, [261];
  • in his environment, [26];
  • mouth cavity, [300];
  • place in nature, [195];
  • races of, [196];
  • stomach, [303].
• Manufacture of fats, [93].
• Measures, [417].
• Mechanics of respiration, [332], [333].
• Membrane, mucous, [299].
• Mendel, Gregor, [257], [406].
• Mesenteric glands, [309].
• Mesentery, [297].
• Mesoderm, [177].
• Metamorphosis of frog, [244], [245].
• Metchnikoff, [316].
• Methods, of cutting timber, [111];
  • of breathing in vertebrates, [232].
• Micronucleus, [169].
• Micropyle, [59].
• Middle ear, [359].
• Migration of fishes, [238].
• Milk, and tuberculosis, [381];
  • composition of, [273], [280];
  • germs in, [381];
  • grades of, [381];
  • under microscope, [150], [305].
• Milkweed, butterfly, [32], [33].
• Milling and starch making, [92].
• Mink, [205].
• Mixed diet, [284].
• Moisture, [24], [78].
• Mollusca, [185].
• Mollusk, [185].
• Mold, [133], [134], [135];
  • yeast and bacteria, [143].
• Morning glory embryo, [103].
• Mosquito, malarial, [218];
  • yellow fever, [219].
• Moss plant, [177].
• Mother of pearl, [206].
• Motor nerves, [351].
• Mouth cavity in man, [300], [300].
• Mouth parts of bee, [38].
• Mucous membrane, [299].
• Mucus cells, [299].
• Muscles and bones, hygiene, [268].
• Mutations, [253], [406].
• Mutual aid between flowers and insects, [41].
• Mycelium, [133].
• Myriapoda, [185].

• Natural environment, [25];
  • selection, [253].
• Nectar, [35].
• Need, of food, [272];
  • of sleep, [356];
  • of ventilation, [335].
• Needs of living things, [266].
• Nerve cells and fatigue, [356];
  • vasomotor, [325].
• Nervous control, [181];
  • of heart, [325];
  • of respiration, [334];
  • of sweat glands, [343].
• Nervous system, [271], [349];
  • of frog, [352].
• Neuron, diagram, [351].
• Newt, [187].
• Nicotine, [293].
• Nictitating membrane of frog, [242].
• Nitrates, [80].
• Nitric acid, [61].
• Nitrogen, [80];
  • cycle, [162];
  • fixing bacteria, [80], [81], [151];
  • of air, [20].
• Nodules, [81].
• Normal heat output, [285].
• Nose and throat, diseases, [340].
• Nucleus, [50].
• Nutrients, [273], [274];
  • fuel values, [277];
  • in common foods, [275].

• Object of a field trip, [28].
• Oils, test for, [61].
• Operculum, [234].
• Ophidia, [189].
• Orbit of eye, [360].
• Orchard fruits, [124].
• Organic matter, [64].
• Organic nutrients, [60].
• Organisms, [47].
• Organs, [47], [48], [180];
  • of Corti, [360];
  • of excretion, [340];
  • of hearing, [358];
  • of respiration, [330];
  • of taste, [358];
  • of touch, [357].
• Orthoptera, [30].
• Osmosis, definition, [75];
  • experiment, [100];
  • physiological importance, [77].
• Ostrich, [191].
• Outline of courses, 407-[414].
• Ovaries of frog, [243].
• Ovary, [36].
• Ovules, [54].
• Oxidation, [64];
  • in our bodies, [65].
• Oxygen cycle, [161];
  • given off by green plants, [95];
  • of air, [20];
  • of water, [20].
• Oyster, [199], [200].

• Packard (zoölogist), [33].
• Palate, hard and soft, [301].
• Palisade tissue, [86].
• Pancreas, [305];
  • of frog, [243];
  • work of, [305].
• Papillæ, [301].
• Pappus, [57].
• Paramœcium, [167], [168], [169];
  • needs of, [266];
  • response to stimuli, [167].
• Parasites, [131].
• Parasitic animals cause disease, [227].
• Parasitism, cost and remedy, [263].
• Parotid, [299].
• Pasteur, Louis, [401].
• Pasteurization, [146].
• Pea pod, [55].
• Pearls, [206].
• Pectoral fin, [233].
• Pelvic fin, [233].
• Pepsin, [303].
• Peptic gland, [304].
• Perfumes, [205].
• Pericardium, [319].
• Peristaltic waves, [303].
• Personal hygiene, [261].
• Perspiration, [343].
• Petals, [35].
• Petri dishes, [140].
• Phagocytes, [316].
• Pharynx, [301].
• Phenolphthalein, [80].
• Phosphoric acid, [82].
• Photosynthesis, [92], [93].
• Physiology of mold, [133].
• Pistil, [36].
• Pith, [97].
• Placentæ of mammal, [247].
• Plankton, [235].
• Plants, animals depend on, [34];
  • and animals, mutually helpful, [18];
  • classification, [176];
  • food for insects, [33];
  • as food makers, [88];
  • function of parts, [48];
  • groups, [174];
  • need minerals, [80];
  • need of nitrogen, [80], [82];
  • processes, [103];
  • reproduction, [173].
• Plasma, [313].
• Plasmodium malariæ, [182], [217].
• Pleura, [332].
• Pleurococcus, [166].
• Plumule, [59].
• Pneumonia, [336].
• Pocket garden, [73].
• Poison, alcohol, [291];
  • ivy, [128];
  • produced by alcohol, [347].
• Polar bear, [204].
• Pollen, [36];
  • germination of, [53], [54].
• Pollination, [36], [40];
  • cross and self, [40];
  • wind, [44].
• Pond scum, [173].
• Pons, [352].
• Porifera, [182].
• Portal circulation, [309], [322].
• Portions, hundred calorie, [286].
• Potato beetle, [214].
• Potato beetle, embryo, [103].
• Premolars, [302].
• Preservatives, [147].
• Prevention of dyspepsia, [310];
  • of molds, [134].
• Proboscis, [30].
• Prolegs, [32].
• Pronuba, [42], [43].
• Protecting forests, [114].
• Proteins, [60], [273];
  • making, [93];
  • test for, [61].
• Protoplasm, [50];
  • what it can do, [52].
• Protozoa, [172], [182], [205].
• Protozoan diseases, [221].
• Pteridophytes, [176].
• Ptomaines, [144], [147].
• Ptyalin, [300].
• Public hygiene, [389].
• Pulmonary circulation, [320].
• Pulse, cause, [323].
• Pupa of milkweed butterfly, [33].
• Pupil of eye, [360].
• Pure food laws, [288].
• Purpose of digestion, [69], [296].
• Pyloric cæca, [235].

• Quarantine, [27], [390].

• Rabies, [392].
• Races of man, [196].
• Radiolaria, [182].
• Radiolarian skeleton, [182].
• Recessive characters, [258].
• Rectum, [297].
• Red corpuscles, [313], [314].
• Reflex actions, [353].
• Regulation of heat of body, [343].
• Relation, of age to diet, [280];
  • of alcohol to crime, [371];
  • of alcohol to heredity, [372];
  • of alcohol to pauperism, [371];
  • of animals to man, [17];
  • of bacteria to free nitrogen, [81];
  • of bacteria to man, [16];
  • of biology to society, [18];
  • of cost of food to diet, [281];
  • of digestibility to diet, [281];
• Relation, of environment to diet, [280];
  • of green plants and animals, [15], [161], [162];
  • of sex to diet, [280];
  • of work to diet, [277];
  • of yeasts to man, [135].
• Rennin, [303].
• Reproduction, [103], [181];
  • importance of, [52];
  • in seed plants, [173], [174];
  • of cells, [50];
  • of Paramœcium, [169].
• Reptiles, [186].
• Reptilia, [188].
• Reserve air, [334].
• Residual air, [334].
• Respiration, [66], [181];
  • and alcohol, [346];
  • and nervous control, [334];
  • and tobacco, [346];
  • mechanics of, [332], [333];
  • necessity for, [329];
  • organs of, [330];
  • of cells, [332];
  • of leaves, [96].
• Retina, [360].
• Rhizoids, [133].
• Rhizopoda, [182].
• Rice field, [123].
• Ringworm, [134].
• Roaches, [216].
• Rock fern, [175].
• Rockweed, [176].
• Roots as food, [119];
  • as food storage, [83];
  • downward growth of, [72];
  • fine structure, [73];
  • give out acid, [79], [80];
  • hairs, [74], [75];
  • influence of gravity, [72];
  • influence of moisture, [73];
  • passage of soil water, [76];
  • pressure, [101];
  • system, primary, secondary, tertiary roots, [72];
  • uses of, [71].
• Rotation of crops, [81].
• Roundworms, [183], [228].
• Rules of habit formation, [356].
• Russian thistle, [129].

• Saliva, [69], [299].
• Salivary glands, [299];
  • glands of frog, [243].
• Salmon, [201], [241].
• Sand shark, [186].
• Sandworm, [184].
• Sanitarium for tuberculosis, [394].
• Sanitation, [27].
• Saprophytes, [131].
• Scavengers,[TN10] [150].
• Schleiden and Schwann, [398].
• Schultz, Max, [398].
• Sclerotic coat, [360].
• Sea anemones, [183].
• Secretion, [299], [306].
• Secretions, internal, [317].
• Section, of ear, [359];
  • of timber, [111].
• Sedgwick, William T., [312].
• Seed, [54];
  • how scattered, [56];
  • plants, reproduction, [174];
  • why it grows, [58].
• Seedlings of bean, [63].
• Segmented worms, [183].
• Selection, artificial, [253];
  • natural, [253].
• Selective planting, [254].
• Semicircular canal, [359].
• Sensations, [350].
• Sense organs, [181];
  • of fish, [233];
  • of frog, [242].
• Senses, [357].
• Sensory nerves, [351].
• Sepals, [35].
• Series, animal, [182].
• Serum, [314].
• Sewage disposal, [386].
• Sex, relation to diet, [280].
• Shelf fungi, [132].
• Sieve tubes, [97].
• Simple animal, development, [177].
• Simplest plants, [166].
• Skeleton, of dog, [185];
  • of fish, [237];
• Skeleton, of leaf, [85];
  • of man, [268].
• Skin, [268];
  • hygiene of, [344].
• Skunk, [205].
• Sleep, need of, [356].
• Small intestine, [307], [308].
• Smell, sense of, [358].
• Snail, [185].
• Snakes, [189];
  • food of, [212].
• Soft palate, [301].
• Soil, composition of, [77];
  • how water is held in, [77], [78].
• Sound, character of, [360].
• Sour bread, [139].
• Soy beans, [152].
• Sparrow, [246].
• Spawning habits, economic importance, [239].
• Species, [175], [194].
• Sperm, [177].
• Spermaries of frog, [243].
• Spermatophytes, [176].
• Spinal cord of fish, [237].
• Spiracles, [29].
• Spirillum, [142].
• Sponge, [180], [182], [183], [206].
• Spore, [131], [173];
  • plants, [174].
• Sporozoa, [182].
• Sprengel, Conrad, [40].
• Squash bug, [215].
• Stables, clean and filthy, [388].
• Stamens, [36].
• Starch, action of diastase, [69];
  • digestion, [299];
  • grains, [60];
  • in bean, [61];
  • made by green leaves, [90], [92];
  • test for, [61].
• Starch making and milling, [92].
• Starfish, [184];
• food of, [216].
• Stegomyia, [221].
• Stems, as food, [118];
  • passage of fluids up, [84];
  • structure of, [97].
• Sterilization, [145].
• Sterilizer, [140].
• Stigma, [36].
• Stimulants, [289].
• Stirrup, [359].
• Stomata, [86], [88].
• Stomach, [297];
  • digestive experiments, [304];
  • of frog, [243];
  • of man, [303].
• Street cleaning department, [387].
• Structure, colorless corpuscles, [315];
  • of leaf, [85];
  • of red corpuscle, [314];
  • of root, [73];
  • of root hairs, [74].
• Sturgeon, [186].
• Style, [36].
• Sublingual glands, [299].
• Submaxillary glands, [299].
• Suffocation, [340].
• Sulphur, [149].
• Sun, source of energy, [88].
• Sundew, [102].
• Sunlight in home, [374].
• Sweat glands, [342].
• Sweeping and dusting, [336].
• Swim bladder of fish, [236].
• Symbiosis, [163].
• Sympathetic nerves, [352];
  • nervous system, [304], [350].
• Syphilis, [152], [156].
• Systemic circulation, [320].

• Table of cost of food, [276], [283].
• Tactile corpuscles, [357].
• Tænia solium, [227].
• Tapeworm, [227].
• Taproot, cross section, [74].
• Taste buds, [301], [358].
• Teeth, [301].
• Teleosts, [187].
• Temperature, [417];
  • of blood, [318].
• Tern, [190].
• Testa, [59].
• Test, for carbon dioxide, [64];
  • nutrients, [61], [68].
• Thallophytes, [176].
• Thoracic duct, [324].
• Tidal air, [334].
• Timber, methods of cutting, [111].
• Tissue cells, [49], [179].
• Toad, use of, [209].
• Tobacco and circulation, [328];
  • and respiration, [346];
  • users of, [293].
• Tortoise, [188].
• Touch, [357].
• Tourniquet, [326].
• Toxin, [152], [316].
• Trachea, [185].
• Transpiration, [85], [87].
• Transportation of lumber, [110], [111].
• Treatment of cuts and bruises, [326].
• Trees, need of city, [115];
  • preventing erosion, [108];
  • regulate water supply, [105];
  • value of, [105].
• Trichina, [228].
• Trichinosis, [228].
• Trillium, [175].
• Trout, development, [238].
• Trypanosomes, [221].
• Tuberculosis, [152], [153];
  • and milk, [381];
  • how to fight, [393], [394].
• Tussock moth, [215].
• Twig, section of, [98].
• Tympanic membrane, [358].
• Tympanum of frog, [242].
• Tyndall box, [399].
• Typhoid, [224], [385];
  • and diarrhœa, [200].
• Typhoid fever, [152], [155], [382].