History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880. Vol 1 / Negroes as Slaves, as Soldiers, and as Citizens

by George Washington Williams

• Hotham, Sir Charles, testimony in regard to the abolishment of slavery in Liberia, [105], [106].
• Hughson, John,
  • his tavern at New York a resort for Negroes, [147];
  • his connection with the Negro plot, [147];
  • trial, [152], [157];
  • sentenced to be hanged, [158];
  • executed, [161].
• Hughson, Sarah,
  • her connection with the New York Negro plot, [152];
  • trial, [157];
  • respited, [164];
  • testimony, [165], [166], [168].
• Human race, the unity of, [443].
• Humphreys, David, recruits a company of colored infantry in Connecticut, [361].
• Hutchinson, a commissioner to treat with king of Ashantee, [39].
• Hutchinson, Gov. Thomas, refuses to sign bill to prevent the importation of slaves from Africa, [223].

• Indians,
  • taxable, [122], [123];
  • not treated as slaves, [123];
  • declared slaves, [124], [125];
  • denied the right to appear as witnesses, [129];
  • act to baptize, [141];
  • proclamation against the harboring, [141];
  • alarmed on seeing a Negro, [173];
  • exchanged for Negroes, [173];
  • sent to Bermudas, [173];
  • held in perpetual bondage, [178];
  • marriage with Negroes, [180];
  • introduction of, as slaves, prohibited in Massachusetts, [186];
  • importation of, prohibited, [259], [311], [314];
  • slavery of, legalized, [259].
• Ishogo villages in Africa described, [52].

• Jacksonburgh, S.C., Negro insurrection at, [299].
• Jamaica, slaves from, sold in Virginia, [328].
• James, Gov., commissioner to treat with king of Ashantee, [39].
• James City, Va., buildings destroyed, [126].
• Jameson, David, volunteers to prosecute the negroes in New York, [151].
• Japan, negro idols in, [17].
• Jefferson, Thomas,
  • author of instructions to the Virginia delegation in Congress, 1774, on the abolition of slavery, [328];
  • letters to Dr. Gordon relative to the treatment of Negroes in Cornwallis's army, [358];
  • to Benjamin Banneker, [396];
  • his recommendation in regard to slavery in the Western Territory, [416].
• Jeffries, John P., declares there are no reliable data of the Negro race, [15].
• Johnson, David, accused of conspiracy in New York, [163].
• Jones, William, his genealogy of Noah, [11].
• Joseph, the selling of,
  • a memorial by Samuel Sewall, [210];
  • answered by John Saffin, [214].
• Josselyn, John, describes attempt to breed slaves in Massachusetts, [174].

• Kane, William,
  • accused of conspiracy in New York, [162];
  • testimony of, in the Negro plot, [162-164], [168].
• Kench, Thomas, letters to the General Assembly of Massachusetts on the enlistment of Negroes, [350], [351].
• Kendall, Capt. Miles,
  • deputy governor of Virginia, receives Negro slaves in exchange for supplies, [118];
  • dispossessed of the same, returns to England to seek equity, [118];
  • portion of the Negroes allotted to him, [118];
  • none of which he receives, [119].
• Kentucky,
  • admitted into the Union, [437];
  • constitution revised, [441].
• Keyser, Elizur, emancipates his slave, [207].
• Knowls, John, confines James Sommersett on board his ship "Mary and Ann," [205].
• Knox, Thomas, South Carolina, recaptured slaves delivered to, [377].
• Kudjoh Osai, king of Ashantee, [36].
• Kwamina Osai, succeeds his father Kudjoh as king of Ashantee, [36].

• "Lady Gage," a prize-ship with Negroes, [376].
• Laing, Capt., his services in Ashantee, [42].
• Latrobe, J.H.B., one of the founders of the colony at Cape Palmas, Liberia, [95].
• Laurens, Henry, letter to Washington on arming of the Negroes of South Carolina, [353].
• Laurens, John,
  • endeavors to raise Negro troops in South Carolina, [356];
  • sails for France, [359];
  • letters to Washington on his return, urging the enlistment of Negroes, [360].
• Lawrence, Major Samuel, commands a company of Negro soldiers, [366].
• Lechmere, Richard, sued by his slave, [230].

• Lee, Gen. Charles, captured by the British, [366].
• Leicester, Mass., representative of, instructed to vote against slavery, [225].
• Liberia,
  • founded by Colored people from Maryland, [95];
  • population, [95], [97], [102];
  • refuge for Colored people, [96];
  • native tribes, [97], [98];
  • Christian mission founded, [98];
  • government, [99];
  • a republic, [100];
  • school and college established, [100];
  • churches, [101];
  • trade, [103];
  • first constitution, [103];
  • slavery and slave-trade abolished, [104];
  • treaty with England in regard to slavery, [104];
  • testimony of officers of the Royal Navy in regard to the slave-trade at, [105];
  • revolt in, subdued, [106], [107].
• Lincoln, Gen. Benjamin, letter to Gov. Rutledge of South Carolina, on the enlistment of Negroes, [359].
• Livingstone, David,
  • describes African wars, [50], [51];
  • status of the Africans, [58], [59];
  • skilful in the mechanic arts, [63], [64].
• Locke, John,
  • constitution prepared by, adopted in North Carolina, [302];
  • local governments of the South organised on his plan, [414].
• Lodge, Abraham, volunteers to prosecute the Negroes in New York, [151].
• Lodge, Sir Thomas, a slave-trader, [138].
• Lowell, John, sues for the freedom of a slave in Newburyport, Mass., [231].
• Lybia, Africa, description of, [452].

• MacBrair, R.M., author of a Mandingo grammar, [70].
• McCarthy, Charles,
  • appointed governor-general of Western Africa, [41];
  • war with the Ashantees, [41];
  • his defeat and death, [42].
• Madison, James, letter to Joseph Jones, on the arming of the Negroes, [359].
• Mahoney, Lieut., his description of a Negro idol at Calanee, [17].
• Mandji, a village in Africa described, [51].
• Mankind,
  • unity of, [1], [7], [108], [443];
  • varieties of, [3].
• Mansfield, Lord, decision in the case of the Negro Sommersett, [85], [205].
• Marlow, John, affidavit in the Sommersett case, [206].
• Maryland,
  • appropriates money for the colony at Cape Palmas, [96];
  • slaves purchased to evade tax, [128];
  • slavery in, [238-248];
  • under the laws of Virginia, [238];
  • first legislation on slavery, [238];
  • population of, [238];
  • slavery established by statute, [240];
  • Act passed encouraging the importation of Negroes and slaves, [241];
  • impost on Negroes, slaves, and white persons imported into, [241];
  • duties on rum and wine, [243];
  • treatment of slaves and papists, [243];
  • convicts imported into, [243];
  • convict trade condemned, [244];
  • defended, [244];
  • slave-code, [246];
  • rights of slaves, [246];
  • law against manumission of slaves, [246];
  • Negro population, [246], [247];
  • white population, [247];
  • increase of slavery, [247];
  • number of slaves in 1715, [325];
  • Negroes enlist in the army, [352];
  • slave population in 1790, [436].
• Maryland Colonization Society, found colony of Negroes at Cape Palmas, Liberia, [95].
• Mason, George, author of the Virginia resolutions of 1774 against slavery, [327].
• Mason, Susanna, addresses a poetical letter to Benjamin Banneker, [392].
• Massachusetts,
  • slavery in, [172-237];
  • earliest mention of the Negro in, [173];
  • Moore's history of slavery in, [173];
  • Pequod War the cause of slavery, [173];
  • slaves imported to, [174];
  • ship "Desire" arrives with slaves, [174], [176];
  • slavery established, [175];
  • first statute establishing slavery, [177];
  • made hereditary, [179];
  • kidnapped Negroes, [180], [182];
  • number of slaves, [183], [184];
  • tax on slaves, [185];
  • Negro population, [185];
  • introduction of Indian slaves prohibited, [186];
  • Negroes rated with cattle, [187], [188], [196];
  • denied baptism, [189];
  • Act in relation to marriage of Negro slaves, [191], [192];
  • slave-marriage ceremony, [192];
  • condition of free Negro, [194], [196];
  • Act to abolish slavery, [204];
  • slave awarded a verdict against his master, [204];
  • emancipation of slaves, [205];
  • legislation favoring the importation of white servants, and prohibiting the clandestine bringing-in of Negroes, [208];
  • importation of Negroes not as profitable as white servants, [208], [209];
  • prohibitory legislation against slavery, [220];
  • proclamation against Negroes, [226];
  • slaves executed, [226];
  • transported and exchanged for small Negroes, [226];
  • slaves sue for freedom, [228-232];
  • Negroes petition for freedom, [233];
  • bill passed for the suppression of the slave-trade, [234], [235];
  • vetoed by Gov. Gage, [235];
  • number of slaves in, [325];
  • emancipation of slaves, [329];
  • enlistment of Negroes and emancipation of slaves prohibited, [329];
  • enlistment of Negroes opposed, [334], [351];
  • mode of enlisting Negroes, [352];
  • Negroes serve with white troops, [352];
  • number of men furnished to the army, [353];
  • act relative to captured Negroes, [370];
  • sale of captured Negroes prohibited, [371];
  • armed vessels from, recapture Negroes, [376];
  • act relative to prisoners of war, [379];
  • slaves petition for freedom, [404];
  • act against slavery, [405];
  • extinction of slavery, [429];
  • lawsuits brought by slaves, [430];
  • condition of slaves, [461].
• Maverick, Samuel, attempts to breed slaves in Massachusetts, [174].
• Maverick, Samuel, mortally wounded at the Boston Massacre, [331].
• Mede, Joseph, his statement in regard to Ham corrected, [10].
• Medford, Mass., representative of, instructed to vote against slavery, [225].
• Melville, John, his sermon on Simon mentioned, [6].
• Menes, first king of Egypt, [454].
• Meroe, Egypt, capital of African Ethiopia and chief city of the Negroes, [6].
• Methodist Episcopal Church, establishes a mission in Liberia, [98], [100].
• Methodist Missionary Society appropriate money for the mission at Monrovia, [98].
• Mifflin, Warner, presents a memorial to Congress in 1792 for the abolition of slavery, [437].
• Mills, James,
  • missionary to Monrovia, [97];
  • death, [97].
• Missah Kwanta, son of the king of Ashantee, sent to England as a hostage, [43].
• Mississippi, slavery in Territory of, prohibited, 1797, [440].
• Monroe, James, town of Monrovia named in honor of, [97].
• Monrovia, Africa,
  • founded, [97];
  • population, [97];
  • Christian mission established, [98], [99].
• Moore, George H.,
  • his history of slavery in Massachusetts commended, [173];
  • mentioned, [180], [183];
  • remarks on the bill to prohibit the importation of slaves from Africa, [224].
• Morton, Samuel G., the sphinx a shrine of the Negro, [17].
• Murphy, Edward, accused of conspiracy in New York, [163].
• Murray, Joseph, volunteers to prosecute the Negroes in New York, [151], [158], [166].
• Mycerinus, king of Egypt, [458].

• "Nautilus," ship arrives at Sierra Leone with colony of Negroes, [86].
• Nechao, king of Egypt, [455].
• Negro plot in New York City, 1741, [143-170].
• Negroes,
  • members of the human family, [1], [5];
  • descendants of Ham, [3], [8];
  • represented in pictures of the crucifixion of Christ, [5];
  • an Ethiopian eunuch becomes a Christian, [6];
  • same race as Egyptian, [6];
  • Cush an ancestor, [10];
  • use of the term "Negro," [12], [13];
  • antiquity of the race, [14-19];
  • early military service, [15];
  • figured in a Theban tomb, [15], [16];
  • political and social condition, [16];
  • the Sphinx a shrine of, [17];
  • idols, [17], [18];
  • origin of color and hair, [19-21];
  • primitive civilization, [22];
  • decline, [24];
  • kingdoms, [26], [28], [31];
  • engage in the slave trade, [27];
  • women in the army, [29];
  • laws, religion, [30];
  • different tribes at war, [30-40];
  • war with England, [41-43];
  • the Negro type, [45-48];
  • physical and mental character affected by climate, [46], [47], [385], [448];
  • longevity, [46];
  • slaves the lower class, [47];
  • habits, [48];
  • susceptible to Christianity, [48];
  • idiosyncrasies of the, [50];
  • patriarchal government, [50], [54];
  • villages, [51], [52];
  • pursuits [51];
  • architecture, [51], [53];
  • women as rulers, [55], [56];
  • priests, [55];
  • laws, [56], [57];
  • marriage, [57], [58];
  • status, [58], [59];
  • nine feet in height, [59];
  • beauty of the, [60], [61];
  • warfare, [61], [62];
  • agriculture, [62], [63];
  • mechanic arts, [63-65];
  • languages, [66-70], [90];
  • literature, [75-80];
  • religion, [81-84], [89], [90];
  • free, leave for England, [86];
  • colony of, at Sierra Leone, [86];
  • serve in the British army, [87];
  • their condition in America, [96];
  • found colony at Liberia, [95];
  • first importance of, [109];
  • military abilities, [110];
  • early Christianity, [111];
  • earliest importation to America, [115];
  • in Virginia, [116], [118];
  • number of, in Virginia, [119], [120];
  • prohibition against, [121];
  • tax on female, [122], [123];
  • law of Virginia declares them slaves, [123], [124];
  • repeal of the Act declaring them real estate, [125];
  • duty on slaves in Virginia, [126-128];
  • traffic encouraged in Virginia, [128];
  • no political or military rights in Virginia, [128], [129];
  • denied the right to appear as witnesses, [129];
  • revolt of free, in Virginia, [130];
  • pay taxes, [131];
  • in the military service, [131];
  • intermarriage of, prohibited, [131];
  • denied education, [133];
  • children of manumitted, made slaves, [135], [136];
  • not allowed to hold real estate in New York, [142];
  • earliest mention of, in Massachusetts, [173];
  • held in perpetual bondage, [178];
  • condition of free, in Massachusetts, [194], [196];
  • importation of, not so profitable as white servants, [208];
  • Act encouraging the importation of, into Maryland, [241];
  • condition of free, in Maryland, [247];
  • limited lights of free, [259], [308], [315];
  • prohibited the use of the streets in Rhode Island, [264];
  • military employment of, [324];
  • excluded from the Continental Army, [335];
  • allowed to re-enlist, [337];
  • in Virginia join the British Army, [339];
  • cautioned against joining the latter, [340];
  • serve in the army with white troops in Massachusetts, [352];
  • efforts to enlist in South Carolina, [351];
  • company of, enlisted in Connecticut, [361];
  • return of, in the army, 1778, [362];
  • as soldiers, 1775-1783, [363];
  • at the battle of Bunker Hill, [363];
  • at battle of Rhode Island, [368];
  • valor of, [369];
  • sale of two captured, prohibited in Massachusetts, [371];
  • disposal of recaptured, [374], [376];
  • education of, prohibited, [385].
• Newburyport, Mass, a slave sues for freedom, 231
• New England
  • Negroes leave for England, [86];
  • engaged in the slave trade, [174], [180];
  • see Massachusetts.
• New Hampshire,
  • Massachusetts exercises authority over, [309];
  • slavery in, [309-311];
  • Negro slave emancipated, [309];
  • instruction against importation of slaves, [309];
  • conduct of servants regulated, [319];
  • ill treatment of slaves, [311];
  • importation of Indian servants prohibited, [311];
  • ill treatment of servants and slaves prohibited, [311];
  • duration of slaves in, [311];
  • number of slaves in, [325];
  • slave population in 1790, [436].
• New Jersey,
  • slavery in, [282-288];
  • Act in regard to slaves, [282];
  • the colony divided, with separate governments, [283];
  • entertaining of fugitive servants, or trading with Negroes, prohibited, [283];
  • Negroes and other slaves allowed trial by a jury, [283];
  • publicity in judicial proceedings, [285];
  • rights of government of surrendered to the queen, [285];
  • conduct of slaves regulated, [285];
  • impost tax on imported Negroes, [286], [287];
  • trials of slaves regulated, [286];
  • security required
  • for manumitted slaves, [287];
  • slaves prohibited from joining the militia, [288];
  • population, 1738-45, [288];
  • number of slaves in, [325];
  • slave population in 1790, [436].
• New Netherlands, see New York.
• Newport, Amos, a slave, sues for his freedom, [229].
• Newport, R.I.,
  • Negroes and Indians prohibited the use of the streets, [264];
  • Negro slaves arrive, [269];
  • part of them sold, [269];
  • vessels fitted out for the slave-trade, [269];
  • streets repaired from the impost-tax on Negroes, [273], [275].
• New York,
  • slavery in, [134-171];
  • slaves imported from Brazil, [146];
  • laws relative to slavery, [139];
  • slaves the property of West-India Company, [139];
  • supply of slaves, [140];
  • Act for regulating slaves, [140];
  • Act to baptize slaves, [141];
  • expedition against Canada, [143];
  • governor of, claims jurisdiction over Pennsylvania, [312];
  • number of slaves in, [325];
  • Act for raising Negro troops, [352];
  • Negro soldiers promised freedom, [411];
  • slave population in 1790, [436];
  • bill for the gradual extinction of slavery, [440];
  • laws in regard to slaves, [463].
• New York City,
  • settled by the Dutch, [134];
  • growth of slavery under the Holland government, [134];
  • children of manumitted Negroes made slaves, [135], [136];
  • slaves imported from Brazil, [136];
  • captured by the English, [138];
  • laws on slavery, [139];
  • identical with Massachusetts, [139];
  • Gov. Dongan arrives, [139];
  • General Assembly meet, [139];
  • proclamation against the harboring of slaves, [141];
  • slaves forbidden the streets after nightfall, [141];
  • slave-market erected, [142];
  • Negro riot, [143];
  • Negro plot, [144-171];
  • house of Robert Hogg robbed, [145];
  • population, [145];
  • fire at Fort George, [145];
  • fires in, [146];
  • crew of Spanish vessel adjudged slaves, [146];
  • charged with firing houses, [146];
  • house of John Hughson, resort for Negroes, [147];
  • act against entertaining slaves, [148];
  • council meet, request governor to offer reward for incendiaries, [149];
  • Negroes deny all knowledge of the fires and plot, [149];
  • Supreme Court convened, [149];
  • trial of Negroes, [149];
  • Negroes hanged, [154];
  • fast observed in, [154];
  • Negroes arrested, [155];
  • chained to a stake, and burned, [157];
  • proclamation granting freedom to conspirators who would confess, [159];
  • Spanish Negroes sentenced to be hung, [161];
  • Hughson executed, [161];
  • Negroes hanged, [161], [169];
  • thanksgiving, [169];
  • Rev. John Ury executed, [169];
  • arrests for conspiracy, [170];
  • first session of Congress held at, in 1789, [426].
• Nicoll, Benjamin, volunteers to prosecute the Negroes in New York, [151].
• Nineveh, the city of, founded, [9-10].
• Noddle's Island, Mass., slaves on, [176].
• Non-Importation Act passed by Congress, [325].
• Norfolk, Va., arrival of slaves at, [328].
• North Carolina,
  • slaves purchased in, to evade the tax, [128];
  • slavery in, [302-308];
  • situation of, favorable to the slave-trade, [302];
  • the Locke Constitution adopted, [302];
  • William Sayle commissioned governor, [303];
  • Negro slaves eligible to membership in the church, [304];
  • Church of England established in, [304];
  • rights of Negroes controlled by their masters, [304];
  • act respecting conspiracies, [305];
  • form of trying Negroes, [307];
  • ill treatment of Negroes, [307];
  • emancipation of slaves prohibited, [307];
  • limited rights of free Negroes, [308];
  • number of slaves in, [325];
  • slave population in 1790, [436].
• Nott, John C.,
  • antiquity of the Negro, [15];
  • his social condition, [16].

• Oates, Titus, his connection with the Popish plot, [144].
• Obongos of Africa described, [46].
• Ockote, Osai, king of Ashantee, his war with the English, [43].
• Oglethorpe, John, first governor of Georgia, opposed to slavery, [316].
• Ophir, Africa, description of, [452].
• Opoko, Osai, king of Ashantee, [35].
• Osymandyas, king of Egypt, [458].
• Otis, James, speech in favor of freedom to the Negroes, [203].

• Parsons, Theophilus,
  • is opinion on the existence of slavery in Massachusetts, [179], [180];
  • decision in the case of Winchendon vs. Hatfield, [232].
• Pastorius, Francis Daniel, his memorial against slavery, 1688, [313].
• Payne, John, missionary bishop of Africa, [100].
• Pendleton, Edmund, letter to Richard Lee on the slaves of Virginia joining the British army, [339].
• Penn, William,
  • Delaware conveyed to, [249];
  • grants the privilege of separate government, [249];
  • introduces bill for the regulation of servants, [314];
  • opposed to slavery, [314].
• Pennsylvania,
  • slavery in, [312-315];
  • government organized, [312];
  • Swedes and Dutch settlement, [312];
  • governor of New York claims jurisdiction over, [312];
  • first laws of, [312];
  • memorial against slavery, [313];
  • Penn presents bill for the better regulation of servants, [314];
  • tax on imported slaves, [314];
  • importation of Negroes and Indians prohibited, [314];
  • petition for the freedom of slaves denied, [314];
  • rights of the Negroes, [315];
  • tax on Negroes and Mulatto slaves, [315];
  • fears for the conduct of the slaves, [315];
  • number of slaves in, [325];
  • slave population in 1790, [436].
• Pennsylvania Society for promoting the abolition of slavery, address of the, 1789, [431].
• Pequod Indians
  • captured in war exchanged for Negroes, [173];
  • as slaves, [177].
• Peters, John, married to Phillis Wheatley, [200].
• Peters, Phillis, see Wheatley, Phillis.
• Pheron, king of Egypt, [458].
• Philadelphia,
  • Federal Convention meet at, [417];
  • Anti-slavery Convention held at, [438];
  • see Pennsylvania.
• Phut, Africa, description of, [452].
• Pickering, Timothy, representative of Salem, Mass., instructed to vote against the importation of slaves, [220].
• Pinny, J.B., missionary to Liberia, [100].
• Pitcairn, John, killed at Bunker Hill by a Negro soldier, [364].
• Plant, Matthias, missionary of the Propagation Society in Mass., [189].
• Po, Fernando, locates Portuguese colony in Africa, [26].
• Poor, Salem, a Negro soldier, his bravery at Bunker Hill, [365].
• Popish plot in England concocted by Titus Gates, [144].
• Portugal,
  • engages in the slave-trade, [26], [31], [463];
  • locates colony at Benin, Africa, [26], [27].
• Prescott, Richard, captured by Lieut.-Col. Barton, [366].
• Presbyterian Board of Missions establish missions in Liberia, [100].
• Price, Arthur,
  • arrested for theft in New York, [152];
  • testimony in the Negro plot, [152],154.
• Prichard, John C., varieties of the human race, [4].
• Prince, a Negro, assists in the capture of Gen. Prescott, [367].
• Protestant Episcopal Church
  • establishes first mission at Sierra Leone, [89];
  • in Liberia, [100].
• Proteus, king of Egypt, [458].
• Psammetichus, king of Egypt, [455].
• Psammis, king of Egypt, [456].
• Pul, Africa, description of, [452].