[55] De Vogüé, La Syrie centrale, vol. i, p. 69; Bell, The Desert and the Sown, p. 125.
[56] De Vogüé, op. cit., vol. i, p. 71.
[57] Dussaud, Mission dans les régions désertiques de la Syrie moyenne, p. 31.
[58] Bruno, Meissner, ‘Von Babylon nach den Ruinen von Ḥîra und Huarnaq,’ Sendschriften der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft, No. 2, p. 18.
[59] Le Strange, Lands of the Eastern Khalifate, p. 76, n. 1.
[60] Ṭabari, ed. de Goeje, Prima Series, p. 853, Bell. Amurath to Amurath, p. 141
[61] Nöldeke, Perser und Araber, p. 79.
[62] Rothstein, Die Dynastie der Lakhmiden in al-Ḥîra, p. 15. Ṭabari does not mention this fact, though he quotes a poem by ‘Abd al-’Uzza in which Sinimmâr is alluded to as ‘al-’ildj’, the stranger, non-Arab. Ṭabari, vol. i, p. 852.
[63] Yâqût, vol. ii, p. 375.
[64] Rothstein, op. cit., p. 115. See Massignon, Mission en Mésopotamie, vol. i, pp. 32 et seq., for Lakhmid topography. Sir Charles Lyall calls my attention to a verse of al-Aswad ibn Ya’fur in which he gives a list of the Lakhmid buildings: al-Khawarnaq, al-Sadîr, Tzâriq, and ‘the pinnacled castle of Sindâd’.