Spades.
—Spades are often used for planting. Long-handled spades are more useful than those with short handles.
Hoes.
—Besides the common, heavy hoes, very useful hoes can be made of old shovels which are too worn to be of account as such. New handles are set on the shovel blades at a right or sharp angle, thus transforming them into veritable hoes. With these tools much more work can be accomplished than with the common, manufactured hoe, which never cuts well. The large, flat-faced Italian hoe imported to this country from Italy is a most admirable instrument when planting cuttings in nursery rows. In fact it is then indispensable.
Plows.
—Of plows, heavy double plows for two horses are used for plowing in the center between the rows, and smaller plows for plowing closer to the vines. As these can be had everywhere, and as every grower has his own preferences, no description of them is required.
Cultivators.
—These are indispensable in the vineyard, and various models are in use. The common, diamond-shovel cultivator for both one and two horses is indispensable in every vineyard. The larger one of these may be greatly improved by affixing to the posterior shovels a cutter-bar, which should stand horizontal and on a level with the center of the posterior shovels.
Randel Disc Cultivators.
—These are useful in ground that has baked before the lately planted cuttings have begun to bud. They seldom cut or injure any of the cuttings, and the whole field may be gone over regardless of rows or cuttings.