[26] Indgidgean in op. cit. [↑]
[27] Cedrenus, edit. Bekker, p. 463; see Gibbon, Decline and Fall, ch. liv. [↑]
[28] Constantine Porphyrogenitus, de Adm. Imp. c. 45. [↑]
[29] Von Hammer, Geschichte des Osm. Reiches, vol. i. p. 25. [↑]
[30] Kyriakos, ap. Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. x. p. 760. [↑]
[31] Travels of Evliya, translated by Von Hammer, London, 1850, vol. ii. p. 108. [↑]
[32] Abulfeda, Annales, edit. Reiske, iv. p. 367. For a plan and account of the ruins of the southern Arzen see Taylor in J.R.G.S. vol. xxxv. pp. 26 seq. Evliya speaks of four towns bearing the name of Erzen, viz. Erzen in Mesopotamia, Erzen Akhlat, Erzen Rum, commonly called Erzerum, and Erzenjan (Von Hammer’s translation, ii. 202). The word Erzen or Arzen is discussed by Boré, Corr. et Mémoires, Paris, 1840, vol. i. pp. 184 seq. Strecker (Zeitschrift für Erdkunde, Berlin, 1869, pp. 152, 153) seeks to identify our Artze or Artsn with the site of the modern village of Karars near the right bank of the Kara Su or Euphrates, north-west of Erzerum. [↑]
[33] Cedrenus, pp. 772, 773. He speaks of Artze as a κωμόπολις in the neighbourhood of Theodosiopolis which is described as a strong fortress. A vivid contemporary and native account of the sack of Artze is furnished by the Armenian historian, Aristakes of Lastivert. See Prudhomme’s translation in the Revue de l’Orient, Paris, 1863, vol. xvii. pp. 275 seq. [↑]
[34] Saint Martin, Mémoires sur l’Arménie, vol. i. p. 68; Tournefort, Voyage du Levant, Paris, 1717, vol. ii. p. 276. [↑]
[35] Erzerum is also known to Armenian writers under the name of Karnoy Kaghak (Kalak) or town of Karin, from which the name of Kalikala, used by Arabic authors, is probably derived.