Slavery as an industrial system

by H. J. Nieboer

h means hunting or fishing; the tribes so marked are hunters or fishers.

c means cattle-breeding; the tribes so marked are pastoral tribes.

a¹, a², a³ means first, second, third stage of agriculture.

a¹ + c means an agricultural tribe of the first stage, among which subsistence depends largely on cattle-breeding; similarly a² + c and a³ + c.

a¹ + t means an agricultural tribe of the first stage, among which subsistence depends largely on trade; similarly a² + t and a³ + t.

a² + c + t means an agricultural tribe of the second stage, among which subsistence depends largely both on cattle-breeding and trade; similarly a³ + c + t.

	Positive cases.	Negative cases.
North America.	Aleuts h Athka Aleuts h Koniagas h Tlinkits h Haidas h Tsimshian h Kwakiutl h Bilballas h Ahts h tribes about Puget Sound h Fish Indians h Tacullies h Atnas h Similkameem h Chinooks h	The 9 tribes of Eskimos proper, all of them h Kutchins h Chepewyans h Delawares a2 Montagnais h Ojibways h Ottawas h Shahnees h Potawatomi a1[38] Crees h Cheyennes a1 Blackfeet nation h Iroquois a2 Hurons a2 Katahbas a2 Cherokees a2 [[181]] Katahbas a2 Muskoghe a2 Choctaws a2 Chickasaws a2 Creeks a2 Seminoles a2 Natchez a2 Sioux h Hidatsas a1 Omahas a1 Osages a1 Kansas Indians a1 Assiniboins h Hupas h Apaches h Zuñi a3 + c Lower Californians h
Central and South America.	Ancient nations of Honduras a1 inhabitants of Panama and Costa Rica a1 Mundrucus a1 Mauhés a1 Mbayas a1 Caduvei a2 Suya a1 Abipones h Tehuelches h[39]	Wild tribes of North Mexico h natives of the Mosquito Coast a1 Caribs of the Isthmus a1 Warraus a1 Macusi a1 Roucouyennes a1 Apiacas a1 Botocudos h[40] Bakairi a1 Paressi a1 Bororo a1 Guanas a2 Charruas h Minuanes h Puelches h Araucanians a2 Fuegians h [[182]]
Australia.		The 30 tribes enumerated in chapter II of Part I, all of them h
Melanesia.	N. W. Solomon Islanders a2 natives of the Gazelle Peninsula a1 New Hebridians a1 Nuforese a1 + t Papuans of Arfak a1 Papuans,, of Adie a1 + t Papuans,, on the Gulf of Kaimani a1 + t	New Caledonians a2 S. E. Solomon Islanders a1 Nissan Islanders a1 natives of Torres Straits a1 Papuans of Humboldt Bay a1 Papuans near Lake Sentani a2 Papuans of Ayambori a2 Motu a1 + t Mowat a1 Toaripi a1 Papuans on the mouth of the Wanigela River a1 Yabim a1 natives of the Tami Islands a1 Tamoes a1 natives of Dampier Island a1
Polynesia.	Maori a2	Tongans a2 Samoans a2 Rotumians a2 Rarotonga Islanders a2 Hawaiians a2 Marquesas Islanders a2 Abgarris, Marqueen and Tasman Islanders a1 [[183]]
Micronesia.		Marshall Islanders a2 Caroline Islanders a2 Marianne Islanders a2 Pelau Islanders a2 Kingsmill Islanders a2
Malay Archipelago.	Battas on the Pane and Bila Rivers a3 Battas of Mandheling a3 Battas of Pertibie a3 Karo-Battas a2 Raja-Battas a3 Battas of Angkola a3 Battas of Simelungun a2 Battas of Singkel and Pak-pak a2 + t Battas of Panei a2 Toba-Battas a2 Lampongs a2 natives of Nias a3 natives,, of,, Anambas, etc. a1 Hill-Dyaks a1 Dyaks on the Barito a1 Sea-Dyaks a2 Biadju Dyaks a1 Kayans on the Mendalam a2 Kayans on the upper Mahakam a2 Dyaks of Pasir a2 inhabitants of the Minahassa a2 inhabitants of Bolaäng a2 + t inhabitants of Holontalo a2 [[184]] inhabitants of Buool a2 Toradja a2 Tomori a2 inhabitants of Sandjai a2 inhabitants of Bangkala a2 Kailirese a2 inhabitants of Saleyer a2 inhabitants of Sumbawa a3 inhabitants of Sumba a2 inhabitants of Endeh on Flores a2 + t inhabitants of the Solor group a2 inhabitants of Bonerate and Kalao a2 + t inhabitants of East Timor a2 + t inhabitants of West Timor a2 + t inhabitants of Savu a2 + c inhabitants of Rote a2 inhabitants of Wetar a2 inhabitants of Keisar a2 + c inhabitants of Leti a2 + c inhabitants of Dama a2 inhabitants of the Luang-Sermata group a2 inhabitants of the Babar group a2 [[185]] inhabitants of the Tenimber and Timorlao Islands a2 inhabitants of the Aru Islands a1 inhabitants of the Kei Islands a1 inhabitants of the Watubela Islands a1 inhabitants of the Seranglao-Gorong group a1 + t inhabitants of Serang a1 inhabitants of Ambon and the Uliase a2 + t inhabitants of the Sangi and Talauer Islands a2 Galela and Tobelorese a2 inhabitants of Kau a1 Tagals and Visayas a3 Bagobos a1 Manobos a1 Maguindanaos a2 + c + t inhabitants of Sulu a2 + c + t Samales a2 Hovas a3	Semang a1 Sakai a1 Kubus h Mentawei Islanders a1 Sebruang Dyaks a2 Bataks of Palawan a1 Bontoc Igorot a3
Indo-Chinese Peninsula.	Kakhyens a2 Shans of Zimmé a2 Lawas a2 hill-tribes of North Aracan a2 Karens a2 Chingpaws a3 + t	Andamanese h Nicobarese (central part) a1 Nicobarese (southern part) h [[186]]
India.	Meshmees a1 Garos a2 Lushais a1 Manipuris a2 Kafirs a2 + c Padam Abors a2 Nagas a2	Hill-tribes near Rajamahall a1 + t Todas c Santals (a part) a2 Santals (a part) a1 Santals (a part) h Khonds (some divisions) a2 Khonds (other divisions) a1 Oraons a2 Korwas a1 Bodo and Dhimals a2 Veddahs h
Central Asia.		Kazak Kirghiz c Altaians c Turkomans c
Siberia.	Kamchadales h	Samoyedes c Ghiliaks h Tunguz c Yakuts c Tuski of the Coast h nomadic Koryakes c settled Koryakes h
Caucasus.	Ossetes a3 + c Circassians c Kabards of Asia Minor c
Arabia.	Aeneze Bedouins c Larbas c Garos a2
Bantu tribes.	Angoni a2 Ovaherero c Barotse a2 + c Kimbunda a2 + t Lunda people a3 + t Kioko a2 + t Selles a2 + t Manganja a2 [[187]] Banyai a2 Wagogo a2 + c Washambala a2 + c Wapare a2 + c Wajao a3 + t Makonde a3 + t Wahehe a2 + c Wachagga a2 + c Wanyamwesi a3 + t Azimba a2 Wajiji a1 + t Wapokomo a2 Bondei a2 Wasiba a2 + t Wakikuyu a3 Bondei a2 Bihés a2 + t Minungo a2 Mpongwe a2 Orungu a1 Mbengas a2 + t Duallas a2 + t Bayanzi a1 + t Bangala on the Congo a2 Baluba a2 Manyuema a2 + t Kabinda a2 + t Ininga and Galloa a2 Wangata a1 Bakundu a2 Banyang a2 Batom a2 Mabum a2 Bali tribes a2 Bambala a2 + t Bayaka a2 + t Bahuana a2 + t [[188]] Bakwese a1 + t Yaunde a1 Indikki a3 + t Banaka and Bapuku a1 Tuchilangue a2 Waganda a2 + c Bahima c natives of Bukoba a2 + c + t	Ama-Xosa c Ama-Zulu c Basuto a2 + c Makololo a2 + c Makalaka a2 + c Wanyakyusa a2 Wambugu a1 + c Wafipa a3 + c Wanyaturu a2 Wawira a2 Wataveta a2 Bakwiri a2 Mundombe (a part) c Mundombe (a part) a2 Fans a1 Bateke a1 + t
Soudan Negroes.	Calabarese a2 inhabitants of Bonny a2 + t Brass people a1 + t Ewe a2 + t inhabitants of Dahomey a2 + t Geges and Nagos a2 + c + t Yorubas a3 + c + t inhabitants of Ashanti a2 + t Fanti a2 Mandingoes a2 + c Wolofs a2 Saracolays a2 + t Kagoros a2 + c Bambaras a2 Toucouleurs a2 Jekris a2 + t Malinkays a2 + t Susu a2 + c + t Landuma a2 + c + t Limba a2 + c + t Boobies of Fernando-Po a1 Northern Sakalavas a2 + c [[189]] Sakalavas of Nossi-Bé and Mayotte a2 + c	Latuka a2 Alur a2 + c Lendu a2 Warundi a2 Wafiomi a2 + c Wataturu a1 + c Wambugwe a1 + c Bongos a2
Pigmies etc.		Bushmen h Mucassequere h Akkas h
Hamitic peoples.	Beduan c Takue a3 + c Marea a2 + c Beni Amer c Barea and Kunama a2 Bogos a2 + c Gallas a3 + c Somal (some divisions) c Somal (some divisions) a2 Danakil c	Massai c Warangi a3 + c Wandorobo h Wakwafi a2

• Aleuts h
• Athka Aleuts h
• Koniagas h
• Tlinkits h
• Haidas h
• Tsimshian h
• Kwakiutl h
• Bilballas h
• Ahts h
• tribes about Puget Sound h
• Fish Indians h
• Tacullies h
• Atnas h
• Similkameem h
• Chinooks h

• The 9 tribes of Eskimos proper, all of them h
• Kutchins h
• Chepewyans h
• Delawares a²
• Montagnais h
• Ojibways h
• Ottawas h
• Shahnees h
• Potawatomi a¹[38]
• Crees h
• Cheyennes a¹
• Blackfeet nation h
• Iroquois a²
• Hurons a²
• Katahbas a²
• Cherokees a²
• [[181]]
• Katahbas a²
• Muskoghe a²
• Choctaws a²
• Chickasaws a²
• Creeks a²
• Seminoles a²
• Natchez a²
• Sioux h
• Hidatsas a¹
• Omahas a¹
• Osages a¹
• Kansas Indians a¹
• Assiniboins h
• Hupas h
• Apaches h
• Zuñi a³ + c
• Lower Californians h

• Ancient nations of Honduras a¹
• inhabitants of Panama and Costa Rica a¹
• Mundrucus a¹
• Mauhés a¹
• Mbayas a¹
• Caduvei a²
• Suya a¹
• Abipones h
• Tehuelches h[39]