[159] This was done on a large scale by the German landlords towards the end of the Middle Ages, see Inama-Sternegg, III Part I p. 384. [↑]

[160] Kovalewsky, Régime économique moderne, pp. 358–362. [↑]

[161] Malthus, p. 438, note 1. [↑]

[162] Lange, Die Arbeiterfrage, p. 227. [↑]

[163] Ratzel, Anthropogeographie, II p. 242. [↑]

[164] Krieger, p. 225. [↑]

[165] Inama-Sternegg, I p. 382. [↑]

[166] See Ochenkowski, pp. 11, 15, 21; Inama-Sternegg, I pp. 236, 237; Cunningham, Western Civilization, pp. 73, 74, 95, 108, 192. According to Marx (Vol. III Part II pp. 332, 333), the substitution of money payments for dues in kind necessarily leads to free contracts between landlords and cultivators.

Grupp (Zeitschrift für Kulturgeschichte, IV p. 242) asserts that the rise of money economy caused the transition from slavery to serfdom. We shall not discuss this point, as it is not directly connected with the subject of this paragraph. [↑]

[167] Ashley, I p. 13. [↑]