| Result. Positive cases: | Usbegs, |
| Tadjiks of Hissar. | |
| Negative cases: | Kazak Kirghiz, |
| Altaians, | |
| Turkomans, | |
| Galtchas, | |
| Kara Kirghiz,[[132]] | |
| Kalmucks, | |
| Mongols, | |
| Kurds of Eriwan. | |
| No conclusion: | Teleuts, |
| Tatars on the Kondoma, | |
| Abakan Tatars, | |
| Kara Kalpaks. |
§ 12. Siberia.
Pallas in the 18th century visited many Siberian tribes; but most of his notes are too short to draw any inference from as to the existence of slavery.
Of the Ostyaks he gives a detailed account. They probably had no slaves; for it is stated that the chiefs, like the common people, had to live by their own labour[495]. But in Pallas’ time they were already entirely under Russian control[496], so it is not certain that in their aboriginal state they had no slaves.
The Samoyedes were not nearly so much under Russian influence. The details given by Pallas make it nearly certain that slavery did not exist. “Every Samoyede keeps his reindeer and tends them himself with the help of his family, except the richest, who hire poor men as herdsmen”[497]. Islawin and Finsch also make no mention of slavery[498]. And the account of Samoyede customs given by Von Stenin, who has largely drawn upon Russian literature, makes the non-existence of slavery quite certain[499].
“The Ghiliaks” says Déniker in a valuable article “are all equal, and never have there been slaves among them”[500].
Müller gives a somewhat minute description of the Tunguz, in which slavery is not mentioned, so it very probably does not exist[501].
Sieroshevski, who lived more than 12 years among the Yakuts, concludes from their traditions, that they formerly kept slaves. “In ancient times, the Yakuts had a name for a man whom a [[133]]defeated hero gave to his conqueror as a compensation for sparing his own life. Such persons later were in fact slaves and were included in the gifts with a bride. If they were females, they became concubines of the master. Such a slave person was called an enne, and this word has new come to be used as an adjective for whatever is given with a bride”. However this may be, it appears from his detailed and excellent description, that now they have no slaves[502].
Laufer, describing the Gold of that part of the Amoor lying between Chabarovsk and Sophisk, makes no mention of slavery. But as their whole mode of life is strongly influenced by the Russians, we are not certain whether in their aboriginal state they kept slaves[503].