| Cost 1-2-4 concrete— | Per cu. yd. |
| 1⅓ bbls. natural cement, at $0.90 | $1.20 |
| 0.95 cu. yd. stone, at $1.25 | 1.19 |
| 0.37 cu. yd. sand, at $1.00 | 0.37 |
| Labor | 0.51 |
| —— | |
| $3.27 |
In laying 5,167 sq. yds. of granite block pavement on one job in New York City in 1905, the authors' records show that one laborer mixed and laid 1.3 cu. yds. of concrete per day in a 6-in. foundation; this is a very small output. The work was done by contract and the labor cost was as follows:
| Item. | Total. | Per sq. yd. | Per cu. yd. |
| 28½ days foreman at $3.50 | $ 99.75 | $0.0193 | $0.118 |
| 399 days laborers at $1.75 | 698.25 | 0.1351 | 0.826 |
| ——— | ——— | ——— | |
| $798.00 | $0.1544 | $0.944 |
The average day's wages was $1.86, so that the labor cost was about 0.5 of a day's wages per cubic yard of concrete.
FOUNDATION FOR PAVEMENT, NEW ORLEANS. LA.—Mr. Alfred E. Harley states that in laying concrete foundations for street pavement in New Orleans, a day's work, in running three mixing boards, covering the full width of the street, averaged 900 sq. yds., 6 ins. thick, or 150 cu. yds., with a gang of 40 men. With wages assumed to be 15 cts. per hour the labor cost was:
| Cts. per cu. yd. | |
| 6 men wheeling broken stone | 6 |
| 3 men wheeling sand | 3 |
| 1 man wheeling cement | 1 |
| 2 men opening cement | 2 |
| 7 men dry mixing | 7 |
| 8 men taking concrete off | 8 |
| 3 men tamping | 3 |
| 3 men grading concrete | 3 |
| 1 man attending run planks | 1 |
| 3 water boys | 1 |
| 2 extra men and 1 foreman | 4 |
| — | |
| Total labor cost | 39 cts. |
FOUNDATIONS FOR STREET PAVEMENT, TORONTO, CANADA.—The following cost of a concrete base for pavements at Toronto has been abstracted from a report (1892) of the City Engineer, Mr. Granville C. Cunningham. The concrete was 1-2½-7½ Portland; 2,430 cu. yds. were laid, the thickness being 6 ins., at the following cost per cubic yard:
| 0.77 bbl. cement, at $2.78 | $2.14 |
| 0.76 cu. yd. stone, at $1.91 | 1.45 |
| 0.27 cu. yd. sand and gravel, at $0.80 | 0.22 |
| Labor (15 cts. per hr) | 1.03 |
| —— | |
| Total | $4.84 |
Judging by the low percentage of stone in so lean a mixture as the above, the concrete was not fully 6 ins. thick as assumed by Mr. Cunningham. Note that the labor cost was 1½ to 2 times what it would have been under a good contractor.
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES OF PAVEMENT FOUNDATION WORK.—The following records of pavement foundation work are taken from the note and time books of one of the authors: