Case 1.—Laying 6-in. pavement foundation; stone delivered and dumped upon 2-in. plank laid to receive it. Sand and stone were dumped along the street, so that the haul in wheelbarrows to mixing board Was about 40 ft. Two gangs of men worked under separate foremen, and each gang averaged 4.5 cu. yds. concrete per hour. The labor cost was as follows for 45 cu. yds. per gang:
| Per day. | Per cu. yd. | |
| 4 men filling barrows with stone and sand ready for the mixers, wages 15 cts. per hour | $6.00 | $0.13 |
| 10 men, wheeling, mixing and shoveling to place (3 or 4 steps), wages 15 cts. per hour | 15.00 | 0.33 |
| 2 men ramming, wages 15 cts. per hour | 3.00 | 0.07 |
| 1 foreman at 30 cts. per hour and 1 water boy, 5 cts | 3.50 | 0.08 |
| —— | —— | |
| Total | $27.50 | $0.61 |
Case II.—Sometimes it is desirable to know every minute detail cost, for which purpose the following is given:
| Per cu. yd. | ||
| Day's labor. | Cost. | |
| 3 men loading stones into barrows | $0.06 | $0.09 |
| 1 man loading sand into barrows | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| 2 men ramming | 0.04 | 0.06 |
| 1 foreman and 1 water boy equivalent to | 0.035 | 0.05 |
| Wheeling sand and cement to mixing board | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| Wheeling stone to mixing board | 0.026 | 0.04 |
| 9 men mixing mortar | 0.013 | 0.02 |
| Mixing stone and mortar | 0.049 | 0.07 |
| Placing concrete (walking 15 ft.) | 0.072 | 0.11 |
| ——— | —— | |
| Total | $0.335 | $0.50 |
In one respect this is not a perfectly fair example (although it represents ordinary practice), for the mortar was only turned over once in mixing instead of three times, and the stone was turned only twice instead of three or four times. Water was used in great abundance, and by its puddling action probably secured a very fair mixture of cement and sand, and in that way secured a better mixture than would be expected from the small amount of labor expended in actual mixing. About 9 cts. more per cu. yd. spent in mixing would have secured a perfect concrete without trusting to the water.
Case III.—Two gangs (34 men) working under separate foremen averaged 600 sq. yds., or 100 cu. yds. of concrete per 10-hour day for a season. This is equivalent to 3 cu. yds. per man per day. The stone and sand were wheeled to the mixing board in barrows, mixed and shoveled to place. Each gang was organized as follows:
| Per day. | Per cu. yd. | |
| 4 men loading barrows | $ 6.00 | $0.12 |
| 9 men mixing and placing | 13.50 | 0.27 |
| 2 men tamping | 3.00 | 0.06 |
| 1 foreman | 2.50 | 0.05 |
| ——— | —— | |
| Total | $25.00 | $0.50 |
These men worked with great rapidity. The above cost of 50 cts. per cu. yd. is about as low as any contractor can reasonably expect to mix and place concrete by hand in pavement work.
Case IV.—Two gangs of men, 34 in all, working side by side on separate mixing boards, averaged 720 sq. yds., or 120 cu. yds., per 10-hour day. Each gang was organized as follows:
| Per day. | Per cu. yd. | |
| 6 men loading and wheeling | $ 9.00 | $0.15 |
| 8 men mixing and placing | 12.00 | 0.20 |
| 2 men tamping | 3.00 | 0.05 |
| 1 foreman | 3.00 | 0.05 |
| ——— | —— | |
| Total | $27.00 | $0.45 |