Charles Bulfinch, so deservedly revered in Boston and other New England cities for the graceful and enduring memorials of his skill there to be seen on every hand, will always occupy an exalted position among our early American architects. Probably no one man ever left a stronger impress upon the architecture of the community in which he lived. His influence in Boston and the vicinity is quite comparable to the influence of Sir Christopher Wren upon the appearance of London and we can readily understand this when we remember that during a half century of practice he designed in the neighbourhood of forty churches, libraries, theatres and other public structures in New England, besides his contributions to domestic work. A discussion of the characteristics of his individual style is to be found in Chapter X of this volume. Suffice it here to say that he represented and upheld all the best traditions and ideals that enter into the making of a worthy architect’s career. He was fortunate in his environment and made the utmost use of his opportunities. Born in Boston, in 1763, the son of Dr. Thomas Bulfinch, an eminent physician, he was educated in the city of his birth, graduating from Harvard in 1781. He afterwards travelled in Europe, pursuing, as he went, the study of architecture. This course he was well calculated to profit by to the fullest extent from naturally keen powers of observation and discriminating taste. In 1786 he returned to Boston and thereafter devoted himself to the practice of his profession. As elsewhere noted, the old Boston Library, the first Boston theatre, (1793), and the State House on Beacon Hill were among his early contributions of importance to architecture in his own city but the scope of his professional activities was not confined to Boston or New England for, in 1817, he was called to be supervising architect for the rebuilding of the national Capitol in Washington and retained that post until its completion in 1830. As one of the fathers of American architecture, Charles Bulfinch will always stand in a preeminently honourable place.

Another of the “fathers of architecture in the United States” was Benjamin Latrobe, a man of extraordinary mental endowments, an accomplished linguist and scholar, an eminent engineer and architect, a gallant soldier and a typical gentleman of the old school with all the best that such a designation implies. Born in 1767, the son of an English Moravian clergyman in Yorkshire, he was educated in England and achieved a promising position in his profession, being at one time Surveyor of Public Offices of the City of London. In 1796, on the eve of his coming to America, he was offered the post of a Crown Surveyor at the annual salary of £1000 but, fortunately for American architecture, he preferred to migrate. During the course of his professional career, he carried many important engineering projects to a successful issue and executed many notable architectural commissions. In this connexion he is perhaps best known as the designer of the Roman Catholic Cathedral in Baltimore, the Bank of the United States in Philadelphia and by his work upon the Capitol building at Washington which he was called upon in 1803 to complete and which James Madison, in 1815, asked him to rebuild after its partial demolition by the British troops in the War of 1812. His pupil William Strickland of Philadelphia, by structures of his own designing which included the old Maritime Exchange, the old Mint and the Philadelphia Naval Asylum, buildings full of substantial dignity and grace, paid a fitting tribute to Latrobe’s mastership and inspiration.

In the honourable roll of early American architects we must also remember Major L’Enfant who so ably laid out the plan for the City of Washington; James Hoban, whose Dublin training and youthful familiarity with the best of English and Irish Georgian work peculiarly fitted him for success in his treatment of the old State House at Charleston, South Carolina, and the White House in Washington; John McComb, among whose best known works are the City Hall of New York and St. John’s Chapel, Varick street, and many more designers whose names and individual achievements one would gladly recall did space permit. The reader, however, notwithstanding the lack of further specific reference, cannot fail to recognise from the memoranda already set forth how worthy has been our architectural past, how able were the men to whom we are indebted for it, how they worked and how fit are the examples they have left for our study and emulation.

INDEX

[A], [B], [C], [D], [E], [F], [G], [H], [I], [J], [K], [L], [M], [N], [O], [P], [Q], [R], [S], [T], [U], [V], [W], [Y].

A
Adam, Brothers, [111], [152], [170];
creations, [179];
elegance, [176];
influence, [105], [111], [119], [146], [151], [175];
mantel, [148], [149];
mode, [179];
motifs, [153];
oval, [148];
phase, [168], [170];
school, [173];
type, [164].
Adams, John, [123], [189].
Alexandria, Va., [159], [221].
Allis, John, [269].
Alterations, [39].
American Philosophical Society, [266].
André, Major, [200].
Annapolis, Md., [203], [209].
Anne Arundel Co., Md., [96], [162], [163].
Architect, carpenter, [252], [255];
early American, [252] et seq.
Architectural, books, [135];
continuity, [42];
evolution, [42].
Architectural Record, [35].
Architecture, Colonial, definition of, [7], [8];
Georgian, definition of, [7], [8].
Armorial bearings, [211].
Arnold, Benedict, [93], [141].
B
“Bait,” horses, [77].
Bake House, Salem, Mass., [53], [54], [55].
Bala, Pa., [69].
Baltimore, Md., [273].
Baluster spindles, [110], [165].
Balustrade, [185].
Barge-board, [73].
Bartram house, [244].
Bartram, John, [132], [133], [151].
Beacon Hill, Boston, [177].
Bedchamber, [91];
groundfloor, [94], [96].
Beds, truckle or trundle, [45];
“let down,” [45].
Bells, church, [216].
Belmont, Fairmount Park, Phila., [134], [244].
Belvoir, Anne Arundel Co., Md., [162].
Benjamin, Asher, [268].
Bergen County, N.J., [15].
Berkeley, Governour, [87], [91].
Bermuda, [86].
Bethlehem, Pa., [76].
Beverley, [95].
Bond, [238];
Dutch cross, [238];
English, [238];
Flemish, [137], [186], [221], [222], [223], [225], [238];
Liverpool, [238];
running, [238].
Boston, Mass., [52], [54], [209], [271];
Library, [272];
Massacre, [190];
State House at, [177].
Boyd, John, T. Jr., [35].
Braintree, Mass., [269].
Brick, [23], [88], [137], [219], [221], [223], [225], [233];
building regulations, [84];
Dutch, [86], [241], [242];
English, [86], [239], [240];
imported, [240];
making in Virginia, [84], [85];
New Haven Colony, [240];
prices of, in Virginia, [86];
use of, in Virginia, [87].
Bricklayers, [83].
Brickwork, [185], [196].
Brown, Joseph, [263].
Brown University, [263].
Bruce, Philip, [94].
Bruton Parish Church, Williamsburg, Va., [209], [220].
Bulfinch, Charles, [105], [111], [174], [175], [176], [201], [271], [272];
influence of, [271];
Statehouse, [191].
Bulfinch, Dr. Thomas, [272].
Burials, [211].
Byfield, Mass., [107].
Byrd, [94].
Byrd, William, [157].
Byrd, Col. William, [158], [159].
C
Capital, [188], [227];
carved, [106];
Corinthian, [234];
Ionic, [244].
“Captains’ walks,” [2].
Carolina.
See South Carolina.
Carpenter, architect, [179].
Carpenters’ Company of London.
See Worshipful Company of Carpenters.
Carpenters’ Company of Phila., [256], [266].
Carpenters’ Hall, Phila., [202], [256].
Carpentry, books on, [135].
Carter, Robert, [208], [221].
Carters’ Grove, Va., [162], [163].
Casement, leaded, [53].
Cathedral, Baltimore, Md., [273].
Catskills, [19].
Cedar Grove, Harrogate, Phila., [134].
Cedar Park, Anne Arundel Co., Md., [96], [98].
Cellar, [88].
Chamberlayne, Major Thomas, [88], [91].
Chambers, Sir William, [146], [148], [152].
Chandler, Joseph Everett, [52], [190].
Charleston, S.C., [230].
Chesapeake Bay, [96].
Chester, Pa., [195].
Chew, Chief Justice, [93], [123], [124], [143].
Chimney, [20], [87], [144], [247], [248];
breast, [146];
brick, [88];
brick and stone, [89];
central, [49];
clay, [52];
exterior Southern, [89];
exterior New England, [89];
offsets, [89];
outside, [80], [89];
pieces continued, [148];
quadruple, [142];
sloped weatherings, [89];
stone, [49].
Chippendale, Treatise on, [146].
Christ Church, Alexandria, Va., [159], [221], [223], [224], [264];
Lancaster Co., Va., [208], [221], [222];
Philadelphia, Pa., [119], [125], [186], [210], [211], [216], [226], [227], [229], [230], [262].
Church, bells, [216];
city, [209];
“Court”, [209];
Colonial period, [205] et seq.
Church of England, [207].
Cipriani, [147].
City Hall, Newport, R.I., [192];
New York, [274].
Clapboard, [23], [246], [247];
casing, [50];
first use of, [50];
tradition, grafting of, [103];
in gable ends, [28].
Classic, element, [99];
formality, [101];
Revival, [11], [12], [105], [111], [112], [115], [116], [165], [166], [169], [170], [171], [173-175], [177-180], [191], [201], [203], [235].
Classicism, [101], [169], [171], [173];
Renaissance, [128];
revived, [203].
Climate, [252];
influence of, on architecture, [80].
Climatic conditions, [237].
Cliveden, Germantown, Phila., [93], [124], [143], [144], [150], [152], [244].
Clothing, [214].
Clouston, Treatise on Chippendale, [146].
Coffee houses, [196];
London, Phila., [196], [197];
Bradford’s, Phila., [196], [197].
Colonial architecture, definition of, [7], [8].
Colour, contrasting, [202];
of interior paint, [149];
Dutch [36].
Column, [178]; Corinthian, [172].
Congress Hall, Phila., [189].
Connecticut, [49], [269].
Cooper River, S.C., [96].
Cornice, [72], [108], [138], [233].
Coultas, Col. James, [139], [141].
“Country Builder’s Assistant”, [268], [269].
Country seats, [132].
Court House, Phila., [193], [194].
Craftsmanship, methods of, [80].
Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y., [24], [29], [243].
Croton River, [118].
Custom House, Salem, Mass., [192].
D
Dale, Sir Thomas, [86].
Damon, Capt. Isaac, [264].
Danish strain, [79].
Declaration of Independence, [183], [186].
Deerfield, Mass., [107], [268].
DeLancey, [116].
Delaware, [4], [8], [74], [161], [195];
County, Pa., [61];
Georgian, [120], [121].
Door, [138], [143];
batten, [30];
divided, [30];
Dutch, [30];
house, [92], [96], [97].
Doorway, [140], [163], [169], [185];
Dutch, [35];
elaborate, [106];
plain, [106];
round arched, [109].
Dormer, [76];
sharp peaked, [89];
long, [89].
Drinker, Elizabeth, [196].
Dummer house, Byfield, Mass., [107], [108].
Dutch, brick, [86];
Colonial type, [12] et seq., [29], [31], [115];
Colonial tradition, [115];
houses, characteristics of, [24] et seq.;
houses in New Jersey and Long Island, [28];
of Hudson Valley, [21];
settlers on Delaware, [58].
E
“E” Plan, [48].
Earle, Alice Morse, [45], [210], [214].
Eaton, Governour Theophilus, [47];
house, [47];
inventory, [47].
Eaves, [27], [96], [138], [139];
flaring, [27].
Economic conditions and architecture, [101].
Eggleston, Edward, [9], [39].
Eggleston George Cary, [239].
Elderkin, John, [269].
Ellsworth, Oliver, [189].
Embury, Aymar, [28].
Empire, style, [12].
England, [100].
English, brick, [86];
spoken in America, [78].
Entablature, [108].
Entry, New England, [92].
Environment, [252].
Ephrata, Pa., [76].
Episcopalians, [125].
Esopus River, N.Y., [19].
Essex County, N.J., [15].
F
Fairfax County, Va., [221].
Fair Hill, Phila., [134].
Fairmount Park, Phila., [131], [141], [257].
Faneuil Hall, Boston, [183], [189], [190], [264].
Fan light, [142], [145].
Farm, buildings, [161];
houses, brick, [74];
houses, Dutch, [21].
Fatland, Montgomery Co., Pa., [151].
Field stone, [69].
Fireplace, [138], [146], [151];
Dutch, [34].
First Baptist, Providence, R.I., [263], [264].
Fitzhugh, William, [83], [91].
Flemish, bond, [137], [186], [221], [222], [225], [233];
scroll, [110], [186].
Forbes, General, [211].
Fort Nassau, N.J., [58].
Framing, [245].
Fraunce’s Tavern, N. Y. City, [116], [117], [192].
French, influence of, [166].
French Revolution, [12].
Frieze, [108].
G
Gable, [89], [139], [143], [163].
Galleting, [244].
Gallery, [209], [224], [225], [229], [230].
Gambrel, [97];
roof, [25], [26], [27], [75];
Southern, [90].
Gardens, Philadelphia, [128].
Georgian, architecture, definition of, [7], [8];
American phase, [154];
buildings, [220];
churches, [221];
churches of N. Y., [231];
influence, [10];
local adaptations, [102], [103];
Middle Colonies types, [146], [188];
mode, beginning, [102];
mode, character of, [99], [100], [103], [105], [106], [109], [110], [112], [113], [114];
New England, [157];
period, [120];
Philadelphia, [128], [129], [130], [154];
Southern, [156];
Southern, character of, [162];
tradition, [190], [228];
types, [149].
German, principalities, [100];
sects, [207].
Germans, [60];
character of settlers, [63];
influence of, [71], [72];
as farmers, [65], [66];
settlers, [62], [63];
Pennsylvania, [74].
Germantown, Phila., [63], [148];
Road, [71];
stone, [143].
Gibbon, Grinling, [110].
Gibbs, James, [119], [148], [230], [271].
Glass, [249].
Gloria Dei, Phila., [224].
Gloucester Point, N.J., [58].
Graeme Park, Horsham, Pa., [69], [93], [106], [126], [135-138], [146], [149], [188].
Grange, the, Montgomery Co., Pa., [134].
Greek Revival, v. Classic Revival, [165].
Greene, John, [264].
Greenfield, Mass., [268].
Green Spring, Va., [87], [91].
Grosvenor Road, Westminster, London, [106].
Grumblethorpe, Germantown, Phila., [134].
Gunston Hall, Va., [162].
H
Hadley, Mass., [107].
Half-timber, [85];
methods, [51].
Hall, [91],

[92], [138], [140];
central, [96];
great, [92].
Hamilton, Honourable Andrew, [134], [260], [262].
Hamilton, William, [145].
Harrison, Peter, [192], [271].
Harriton, Bryn Mawr, Pa., [69].
Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., [191], [272].
Hatfield, Mass., [107].
Haverford, Pa., [61].
Hayward, Nicholas, [83].
Hempstead, L.I., [16].
Henrico, Va., [86], [88], [91].
Henry VIII, [101].
Highlands, the, Whitemarsh Valley, Pa., [134], [144], [148], [150-152].
Hingham, Mass., [232], [234].
Hoban, James, [177], [274].
Hoffmann house, Kingston-on-Hudson, N.Y., [25].
Holland, [16], [22], [100], [148].
Hood, overdoor, [70].
Hope Lodge, Whitemarsh Valley, Pa., [69], [93], [106], [135], [137], [188].
Horsham, Pa., [93], [126], [135].
Hospital, Pennsylvania, Phila., [201].
House, bedchambers in early New England, [44];
character of early New England, [44];
Dutch Colonial, [28], [32], [33];
plan of early New England, [50];
sleeping arrangements in early New England, [45].
House of Burgesses, Va., [209].
House of Seven Gables, Salem, Mass., [53-55].
Howe, Lord, [200].
Hudson, Hendrick, [58].
Hudson River, [2], [16];
Valley of, [15], [22], [115].
Hurley, N.Y., [16], [17], [19];
cheeses, [18].
I
Independence Hall v. State House, Phila., [183].
Indian trails, [65].
Inn yards, [195].
Irving, Washington, [21].
J
James River, Va., [162].
Jamestown, Va., [86], [87], [205], [206], [207], [209], [218].
Jay, John, [189].
Jefferson, Thomas, [159], [160], [164], [177], [203], [264].
Johnson, Norton, [145].
Joinery, [52].
Jones, Inigo, [101], [128].
Jumel Mansion, New York, [118], [119].
K
Kearsley, Dr. John, [134], [227], [261], [264], [265].
“Keeping-room”, [47].
Keith, Sir William, [93], [106], [126], [135].
Kemp, Secretary, [86].
Kenmore, Va., [160].
Kent, [148].
Kentucky, [77].
Keyblock, [109].
King’s Chapel, Boston, Mass., [213], [214], [233], [234].
King’s College, N.Y., [192].
Kingsessing, Phila., [139], [244].
Kingston-on-Hudson, N.Y., [16], [25].
Kitchen, early New England, [45], [46];
detached, [93], [139], [162].
L
Lambert, Edward E., [48].
Language, vitality of old forms, [78].
Latrobe, Benjamin, [177], [265], [273].
Lean-to, [49];
additions, [47].
Lee house, Marblehead, Mass., [103], [109].
L’Enfant, Major, [174], [177].
“Lie-on-your-stomach” windows, [30].
Logan, James, [93].
Log-cabin, [43].
London, [83], [151], [271];
fashions [102], [155].
London Coffee House, Philadelphia, [196], [197].
Long Island, N.Y., [15], [22].
Loyalists, [167], [212].
M
Macphaedris-Warner House, Portsmouth, N.H., [107], [108].
Macpherson, Captain John, [93], [141].
Madison, James, [273].
Manor House, Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y., [24], [29], [243].
Mantels, [98].
Marble, Pennsylvania, [185], [186];
Scotch, [138].
Marblehead, Mass., [54], [103], [109].
Maritime Exchange, Phila., [274].
Maryland, [3], [4], [8], [75], [77], [96], [162], [163], [207].
Masonry, [226];
English and Welsh traditions, [68], [243];
Phila., [243];
rubble, [243].
Masques, [186];
grotesque, [118].
Massachusetts, [49], [107], [214], [232], [268], [269].
Materials, [23], [83-85], [103], [127], [236];
choice of, [252].
McBean, [271].
McComb, John, [177], [274].
McIntire, Samuel, [105], [111], [176], [235].
Medford, Mass., [103].
Mediæval, characteristics, [42];
survivals, [54], [100].
Meeting house, New England, [231];
Old Ship, Hingham, Mass., [232], [234];
Old South, Boston, [232];
Quaker, [207], [230].
Merion, Pa., [61];
Lower, [69].
Mey, Captain Cornelius, [58].
Middle Colonies, [11], [22];
architectural diversity, [66];
church architecture, [230];
churches, [207];
clannishness and isolation, [58];
diversity in nationality and speech, [57];
early types, [57], [80];
Georgian forms, [120], [127], [184];
roads, [65];
trading, [64].
Montgomery Co., Pa., [61].
Monticello, Va., [161], [164], [165], [264].
Moore Hall, Chester Co., Pa., [212].
Moore, Judge, of Moore Hall, [212].
Moravians, [76];
buildings, [63], [64];
churches, [231].
Morris, Anthony, [145].
Mortar, [28], [245].
Mouldings, [108], [151], [222];
Dutch, [36];
profiles, [144], [152], [153].
Mount Pleasant, Phila., [93], [141], [142], [143], [144], [146], [150], [151], [264].
Mount Vernon, Va., [264].
Mulberry Castle, S.C., [97], [98].
Munday, Richard, [192], [270].
Music, New England, [216].
N
Nassau, Fort, N.J., [58].
Naval Asylum, Philadelphia, [274].
Netherfield, Phila., [134].
New England, [4], [5], [10], [77], [88];
Colonial type, [38];
Georgian, [99], [103], [106], [107], [109], [111], [112];
survivals of Queen Anne influence, [102].
New Hampshire, [107].
New Haven, Conn., [47].
New Jersey, [8], [16], [74], [120] et seq.
New Kent Co., Va., [218], [219].
New Netherlands, [16], [17], [20], [21].
Newport, R.I., City Hall, [271];
State House, [270].
New York City, [114], [209], [230];
City Hall, [274];
of Colonial Days, [193].
New York, Georgian, [113].
New York State, [8].
Nieuw Dorp, N.Y., [19].
Northampton, Mass., [264].
North Church, Boston, [234].
O
Old Dominion, [84], [218].
Old Ship Meeting House, [234].
Old South Meeting House, Boston, Mass., [232].
Old State House, Boston, Mass., [119].
Old Swedes Church, Philadelphia, Pa., [224].
Old York Road, Pa., [135].
Overhang, [54], [55]; in South, [90];
in New England, [90].
Overmantel, [108], [110], [141], [146], [147], [151], [188];
decorations, [153], [155].
Oxford, Pa., [224].
P
Paint, [249], [250];
colour of in XVIIIth century, [149], [150].
Palladian window, [109], [142], [144], [150], [185].
Panel, bevel flush, [141];
overmantel, [141];
[34], [98], [108], [119], [138], [147], [250], [251].
Park Street Church, Boston, Mass., [235].
Parlour, [92], [141].
“Parson Williams’s” house, Deerfield Mass., [107].
Pediment, [97], [140], [142], [143], [164], [188], [222];
segmental, [108];
Swan’s neck, [108].
Pencoyd, Bala, Pa., [69].
Penn, John, [211].
Penn, William, [59], [61], [135], [211], [256], [257].
Pennsbury Manor House, Bucks, Pa., [257].
Pennsylvania, [3], [8], [74], [76], [77], [93], [106], [161], [195], [243];
Colonial types, [67-76];
gardens, [133];
Georgian, [107];
Georgian characteristics, [121], [152-155];
Georgian houses, [120], [127], [130-152].
Pennsylvania Historical Society, [262].
Pennsylvania Hospital, [266], [267].
Penthouse, [28], [70], [139], [196].
Peters, Judge, [244].
Pews, [210], [211], [212], [213], [232];
family, [208];
Royal Governours’, [210].
Philadelphia, Pa., [3], [58], [93], [177], [209], [210], [271];
commercial prosperity, [130];
Colonial metropolis, [121];
Country houses, [122];
fox-hunting, [122];
Georgian types, [128-155];
life, [122];
“Republican Court”, [125];
seat of national government, [189];
XVIIIth Century architects of, [134].
Philadelphia Library, [135], [266].
Philadelphia Naval Home, [274].
Philipse house, near Tarrytown, N.Y., [116].
Philipse Manor House, Yonkers, N.Y., [117].
Pilaster, [63], [106], [111], [138], [169];
Ionic, [145], [148].
Pillar, [111], [145], [164], [201];
attenuation of, [176];
Tuscan, [229].
Pine Street Market, Phila., [194].
Plan, balanced, [99].
Pohick Church, Va., [159], [221-224], [264].
“Pokes” of tobacco, [77].
Pompeian refinements, [111].
Porch, origin of, [28], [29].
Portico, [145], [150], [164], [172], [201], [223].
Portius, James, [135], [256], [257].
Portsmouth, N.H., [107].
Post-Colonial types, [166-181].
Powel house, Phila., [124].
Precedent, English, [88].
Preferences, hereditary, [80], [83].
Presbyterians, [125].
Providence, R.I., First Baptist Church, [263], [264].
Public buildings, [182-204].
Pugging, [52], [246].

Q
Quaker, [60];
hostility to theatre, [200];
influence, [122];
predilections, [106];
scruples, [107].
Queen Anne, [101], [107], [116];
New England affinities, [107];
Middle Colonies Georgian affinities, [152];
tradition, [75];
urns, [152].
Queen Anne’s Gate, Westminster, London, [106].
Quoin, [24], [219], [223];
brick, [141].
R
Radnor, Pa., [61], [212], [224], [225].
Raynerd, D., [269].
Renaissance, [100], [170], [173];
classicism, [128];
feeling, [220].
Restorations, [52], [53], [190].
Revere, Paul, house of, Boston, [54];
household, [44], [45].
Rhoads, Samuel, [266-268].
Rhode Island, [49].
Roof, [76], [87], [89], [119], [139], [140], [143], [224], [226], [230];
gambrel, [25], [26], [75], [138];
Dutch gambrel, [26];
New England gambrel, [26];
hip, [142], [186], [232], [234];
hipped gambrel, [97], [138];
jerkin-head, [196], [197];
mansard, [97];
pitch, [88], [96], [97].
Rosicrucians, [63].
Roughcast, [244].
Royall house, Medford, Mass., [103], [107].
Rubble, [23].
Rutledge, John, [189].
S
Saint Anne’s, Annapolis, Md.,