[172] For contemporary beliefs about Lope de Aguirre, see Mozans (J. A. Zahm), [a], pp. 264-67.
[173] The myth of the Amazons is not only the earliest European legend to become acclimated in America (cf. Ch. I, [ii] [with Note [5]], [iv]; Ch. VIII, [iii]), it is also one of the most obstinate and recurrent, and a perennial subject of the interest of commentators. For general discussions of the question, see Chamberlain, "Recent Literature on the South American Amazons," in JAFL xxiv. 16-20 (1911), and Rothery, The Amazons in Antiquity and Modern Times (London, 1910), which reviews the world-wide scope and forms of the myth, chh. viii, ix, being devoted to the South American instances. Still more recent is Whiffen, The Northwest Amazons (New York, 1916), pp. 239-402.
[174] Markham [e], p. 122. Carvajal is cited in the same work, pp. 34, 26.
[175] Magalhães de Gandavo, ch. x (TC, pp. 116-17); Schmidel (Hulsius), ch. xxxiii; Raleigh (in Hakluyt's Voyages, vol. x), pp. 366-68.
[176] Humboldt (Ross), ii. 395 ff.; iii. 79. Lore pertaining to the Amazon stone is hardly second to that dealing with the Amazons themselves. Authorities here cited are La Condamine, pp. 102-113; Spruce, ii, ch. xxvi (p. 458 quoted); Ehrenreich , especially pp. 64, 65, with references to Barbosa Rodrígues and to Brett . Others to consult are Rothery, ch. ix; T. Wilson, "Jade in America," in CA xii (Paris, 1902); J. E. Pogue, "Aboriginal Use of Turquoise in North America," in AA, new series, xiv (1912); and I. B. Moura, "Sur le progrès de l'Amazonie," in CA xvi (Vienna, 1910).
[177] See Mythology of All Nations, x. 160, 203, 205, 210, and Note 64.
[178] Netto, CA vii (Berlin, 1890), pp. 201 ff.
[179] Acuña (Markham [e]), p. 83. The literature of a region so vast as that of the basin of the Amazon and the coasts of Brazil is itself naturally great and scattered. The earlier narratives—such as those of Acuña, Cardim, Carvajal, Orellana, Ortiguerra, de Léry, Ulrich Schmidel, and Hans Staden—are valuable chiefly for the hints which they give of the aboriginal prevalence of ideas studied with more understanding by later investigators. Among the more important later writers are d'Orbigny, Couto de Magalhães, Ehrenreich, Koch-Grünberg, von den Steinen, Whiffen, and Miller; while Teschauer's contributions to Anthropos, i, furnish the best collection for the Brazilian region as a whole.
[180] Kunike, "Der Fisch als Fruchtbarkeitssymbol," in Anthropos vii (1912), especially section vi; Teschauer [a], part i, texts (mainly derived from Couto de Magalhães); Tastevin, sections iii, vi; Garcilasso de la Vega, bk. i, chh. ix, x (quoted).
[181] Cook, p. 385; cf. Whiffen, chh. xv, xvi, xviii; and von den Steinen , pp. 239-41.