[182] Whiffen, pp. 385-86. The myths of manioc and other vegetation are from Teschauer [a], p. 743; Couto de Magalhães, ii. 134-35; Whiffen, loc. cit.; and Koch-Grünberg [a], ii. 292-93.
[183] The legends of St. Thomas are discussed by Granada, ch. xv, especially pp. 210-15 (cf. also, ch. xx, "Origen mítico y excelencias del urutaú," with accounts of the vegetation-spirit Ñeambiú). The suggested relationship of Brazilian and Peruvian myth is considered by Lafone Quevado in RevMP iii. 332-36; cf., also, Wissler, The American Indian, pp. 198-99. It may be worth noting that there is a group of South American names of mythic heroes or deities which might, in one form or another, suggest or be confounded with Tomás, among them the Guarani Tamoi (same as Tupan, and perhaps related to Tonapa), the Tupi Zume. The legend has been discussed in the present work in Ch. VII, [iv].
[184] Koch-Grünberg [a], ii. 173-34; for details regarding the use of masks and mask-dances, see also Whiffen; Tastevin; M. Schmidt, ch. xiv; Cook, ch. xxiii; Spruce, ch. xxv; von den Steinen ; and Stradelli.
[185] Cardim (Purchas, xvi), pp. 419-20; Thevet , pp. 136-39; Keane, p. 209; Ehrenreich [c], p. 34; Hans Staden , ch. xxii.
[186] Frič and Radin, p. 391; Ignace, pp. 952-53; von Rosen, pp. 656-67; Pierini, pp. 703 ff.
[187] D'Orbigny, vii, ch. xxxi, pp. 12-24; iv, 109-15; cf. also pp. 265, 296-99, 337, 502-10.
[188] Whiffen, ch. xvii (p. 218 quoted); Church, p. 235. The subject here is a continuation of that discussed in Ch. VIII, [ii] (with Note [160]); in connexion with which, with reference to Brazil, the comment of Couto de Magalhães is significant (part ii, p. 122): "Como quer que seja, a idéa de un Deus todo poderoso, e único, não foi possuida pelos nossos selvagens ao tempo da descoberta da America; e pois não era possival que sua lingua tivesse uma palvra que a podesse expressar. Ha no entretanto um principio superior qualificado com o nome de Tupan a quem parece que attribuiam maior poder do que aos outras." The real question to be resolved is what are the necessary attributes of a "supreme being." Cf. Mythology of All Nations, x, Note 6.
[189] On wood-demons and the like, in addition to Cardim, see Teschauer [a], pp. 24-34; Koch-Grünberg, [a], i. 190; ii. 157; and Granada, ch. xxxi, "Demonios, apariciones, fantasmas, etc."
[190] On ghosts and metamorphoses, see Ignace, pp. 952-53; Frič and Radin; Frič [a]; von Rosen, p. 657; and Cook, p. 122.
[191] On were-beasts, see Ambrosetti ; cf. Garcilasso de la Vega, bk. i, ch. ix.