[109] Lehmann [c], p. 717.
[110] See Lehmann [c], pp. 715-16.
[111] The ethnology of the Andean region is treated by Joyce [c], Wissler, The American Indian, and Beuchat, II. iv. Bastian, Culturländer, and Payne, History, give more extended views; while tribal distribution in its cultural relations is probably best presented by Schmidt, in ZE xlv. Spinden, "The Origin and Distribution of Agriculture in America," and Means, "An Outline of the Culture-Sequence in the Andean Area," both in CA xix (Washington, 1917), are significant contributions to the problem of origins and history; with these should be placed, "Orígenes Etnográficos de Colombia," by Carlos Cuervo Márquez, in the Proceedings of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, i (Washington, 1917). Spinden conceives an archaic American culture, probably originating in Mexico and thence spreading north and south, which was based upon agriculture and characterized by the use of pottery, textiles, etc., and which, in the course of time, made its influence felt from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to that of La Plata. This hypothesis admirably accounts for the obvious affinities of the civilizations of the two continents.
[112] The linguistic and cultural affinities of the Isthmian tribes are described by Wissler, Beuchat, Joyce [c], and Thomas and Swanton; and on the archaeological side especially by Hartman [a], , and Holmes [c], [d]. For the broader analogies of the Central American, North Andean, and Antillean regions see also Saville, Cuervo Márquez, and Spinden's article mentioned in Note [111], supra. Spinden, Maya Art (MPM), argues against the conception of extensive borrowing. Of the earlier authorities for this region, the important are Peter Martyr, Benzoni, Oviedo, Herrera, and Las Casas. Among writers of later times, Humboldt holds first place.
[113] Oviedo (TC), pp. 211-22. Other references in this paragraph are: Benzoni (HS), ii; Andagoya (HS), pp. 14-15; Cieza de León (HS),1864, ch. viii.
[114] Peter Martyr, 1912, ii (pp. 319, 326 quoted).
[115] Gabb, pp. 503-06; Pittier de Fábrega , pp. 1-9; Las Casas , ch. cxxv.
[116] The most recent work, summarizing the legend of El Dorado, is Zahm ; and the earliest versions of the tale are those of Simon, Fresle, Piedrahíta, Cavarjal, and Castellanos, the latter of whom incorporated the story in his poetical Elejias de Varones Ilustres de Indias, which was printed at Madrid, in 1850. Critical accounts, in addition to Zahm, are Bollaert's "Introduction" to Simon's Expedition of Pedro de Ursua (Spanish in Serrano y Sanz, Historiadores de Indias, ii) and in Bandelier's The Gilded Man. On the historical side, especially as regards the period of the Conquest, Andagoya, Castellanos, Carvajal, Fresle, Simon, give unforgettable pictures of the adventurous extravagance and bizarrerie of a time scarcely to be paralleled in human annals. Father Zahm's Quest of El Dorado is an inviting introduction to this literature.
[117] For Chibchan ethnology and archaeology, see Joyce [c], Acosta de Samper, and Cuervo Marquez.
[118] Cieza de León (HS), 1864, pp. 59, 88, 101.