| | Samuel ben Adiya (500–560), Jewish poet in Arabia. |
| 553. | Justinian I decrees that the Scriptural portions in the Synagogue liturgy be read in translation, and orders the omission of alleged anti-Trinitarian sentences from the liturgy. |
| 581. | Hormisdas IV, king of Persia, persecutes his Jewish subjects; the teachers of the Law flee from the Babylonian academies. |
| | Chilperic, Merovingian king, forces baptism on the Jews. |
| 589. | Reccared, Visigothic king, imposes irksome restraints upon the Jews, and completely isolates them from Christians. |
| | Bahram Tshubin, usurper of the Persian throne, friendly to the Jews; Pumbeditha re-opened by Chanan of Iskia. |
| 590. | Pope Gregory I discountenances the forced conversion of Jews. |
| 612. | Sisebut, Visigothic king, forces the Jews to accept baptism or to emigrate. |
| 614. | The Jews of Palestine join the Persians in a war against Emperor Heraclius. |
| 624. | The Benu-Kainukaa, a Jewish-Arabic tribe, driven from Arabia by Mahomet. |
| 625. | The Benu-Nadhir, a Jewish-Arabic tribe, driven from Arabia by Mahomet. |
| 627. | Extermination of the Benu-Kuraiza, a Jewish-Arabic tribe. |
| | Emperor Heraclius forbids Jews to enter Jerusalem, and in other ways harasses the Palestinian Jews. |
| 629. | Dagobert orders the Jews of the Frankish empire to accept baptism or to emigrate. |
| 633. | The Council of Toledo under Sisenand, Visigothic king, and Isidore of Seville, forces backsliding converts back into Christianity. |
| 638. | Chintila enacts that only professing Catholics shall remain in Visigothic Spain; Jews emigrate. |
| 640. | Omar, the second Caliph, banishes all Jews from holy Arabia. The “Covenant of Omar” imposes restrictions upon Jews in the whole Mahometan, world. |
| 642 (about). | Bostanaï, Exilarch, acknowledged by Omar. |
| 654. | Judaizing Christians of Toledo under Receswinth, Visigothic king, swear loyalty to the Catholic Church. |
| 658. | Beginning of the Gaonate; Mar-Isaac, head of the Sora academy, takes the title Gaon. |
| 670. | Hunaï, Gaon of Sora, and Mar-Raba, principal of Pumbeditha, reform the divorce laws. |
| 681. | Judaizing Christians re-affirm their adherence to Christianity under Erwig, Visigothic king. |
| 693. | Egica, Visigothic king, forbids Jews to hold real estate. |
| 700 (about). | Rise of the Massora and of neo-Hebraic liturgic poetry. José bar José Hayathom the first Poetan. |
| 712. | Jews open the gates of Toledo to Tarik, the Mahometan general. |
| 719. | Natronaï ben Nehemiah (Mar-Yanka), principal of Pumbeditha. |
| 720. | Serene, the Syrian Messiah. |
| | Omar II, Ommiyyade Caliph of Damascus, re-enacts the “Covenant of Omar.” |
| 723. | Persecution of the Jews of the Byzantine Empire under Leo the Isaurian. |
| 745 (about). | Eleazar ben Kalir (Kaliri), poetan. |
| | The Chazars under Bulan accept Judaism. |
| 749. | Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, precursor of the Messiah in Ispahan. |
| 759. | Jehuda the Blind, Gaon of Sora, author of a Talmudic compendium, Halachoth Ketuoth. |
| 761. | Dudaï principal of Pumbeditha. |
| | The Karaite schism led by Anan ben David. |
| 787. | Charlemagne removes the Kalonymos family from Lucca to Mayence to encourage Jewish learning in the Frankish Empire. He introduces a Jewish oath. |
| 797. | Isaac sent by Charlemagne on an embassy to Haroun Alrashid. |
| 800 (about). | Judah Judghan, founder of a sect, introduces Mutazilist philosophy into Judaism. |
| | Benjamin ben Moses of Nahavend, founder of the Maghariyites, spreads the Mutazilist philosophy among the Karaites. |
| 807. | Haroun Alrashid introduces the Jew badge into the Abbasside Caliphate. |
| 825. | Contest for the Exilarchate between David ben Judah and Daniel. |
| | Rise of Karaite sects: Akbarites, Tiflisites, and the followers of Moses of Baalbek. |
| 827 (about). | Eberard, Magister Judæorum, under Louis I the Pious, king of the Franks, protects the Jews against Agobard, bishop of Lyons. |
| 842. | The title Gaon assumed also by the Pumbeditha principals; Paltoi ben Abayi the first Gaon of Pumbeditha. |
| 845. | The Council of Meaux under Amolo, bishop of Lyons, enacts anti-Jewish decrees, renewing those of Constantine and Theodosius II. |
| 853. | The Abbasside Caliph Al-Mutavakkil introduces Jew badges, and re-enacts the “Covenant of Omar.” |
| 869. | Mar-Amram ben Sheshna, Gaon of Sora, at the request of a Spanish community, arranges the order of prayers in use among European Jews. |
| 872. | Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi, Gaon of Pumbeditha, author of the first Talmudic Dictionary. |
| 880 (about). | Eldad Ha-Dani. |
| 881. | Nachshon ben Zadok, Gaon of Sora, discovers the key to the Jewish calendar. |
| 900 (about). | Simon of Cairo writes the Halachoth Gedoloth, a polemic against Karaism. |
| | Josippon compiled. |
| | Isaac ben Israeli I Suleiman (845–940), physician and philologist at Kairuan. |
| 913. | Saadiah ben Joseph (892–942) attacks Karaism. |
| 917. | Mar-Kohen-Zedek II ben Joseph, Gaon of Pumbeditha, tries to bring about the fall of the Exilarchate and the academy of Sora. Hostilities against Mar-Ukba. |
| 921. | David ben Zaccaï made Exilarch. |
| 928. | Saadiah installed as Gaon of Sora. His controversies with the Karaite Solomon ben Yerucham, and his translation of the Scriptures into Arabic. |
| 930. | Hostilities between Saadiah and David ben Zaccaï. |
| 934. | Saadiah writes his religious-philosophical work Emunoth we-Deoth. |
| 940. | Death of David ben Zaccaï, the last Exilarch of influence. End of the Exilarchate a few years later. |
| 940 (about). | Moses and Aaron ben Asher, Massorets. |
| 942. | Death of Saadiah. |
| 945 (about). | Four scholars are sent from Sora to gather contributions for the academy: Shemarya ben Elchanan settles in Cairo; Chushiel, in Kairuan; Nathan ben Isaac Kohen, in Narbonne; and Moses ben Chanoch, in Cordova. |
| | Abusahal Dunash ben Tamim (900–960), physician in Kairuan. |
| 946. | Sabbataï Donnolo (913–970), physician in Italy. |
| | Chasdaï ben Isaac Ibn-Shaprut (915–970), diplomat under Abdul-Rahman III, Nagid of the Jews of the Cordova Caliphate, patron of Jewish learning. |
| 950 (about). | The Karaite controversialists Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen and Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi. |
| | Menachem ben Saruk (910–970) and Dunash ben Labrat (Adonim, 920–970), the first Hebrew grammarians. Neo-Hebraic poetry flourishes. |
| 980. | Sherira (920–1000), Gaon of Pumbeditha; his “Letter” a chronicle of Jewish events from the conclusion of the Talmud to his time. |
| 985. | Chanoch ben Moses (940–1014) and Joseph Ibn-Abitur, Cordova Talmudists. |
| | Jacob Ibn-Jau, prince of the Jews of the Cordova Caliphate. |
| 990. | Jehuda Ibn-Daud (Chayuj), Hebrew grammarian. |
| 998. | Haï (969–1038), Gaon of Pumbeditha. |
| 1000 (about). | Gershom ben Jehuda (960–1028), promoter of Talmud study at Mayence, INTERDICTS POLYGAMY. |
| | Simon ben Isaac ben Abun poetan. |
| 1002. | Nathan ben Yechiel compiles the Aruch, a Talmudic lexicon. |
| 1008. | The Fatimide Caliph Hakim decrees a Jew badge, and persecutes the Jews in various ways. |
| 1012. | Jews driven from Mayence by Emperor Henry II. |
| 1020. | Abulvalid Mervan Ibn-Janach (995–1050), Hebrew grammarian. |
| 1027. | Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela (993–1055), minister to King Habus of Granada, Nagid of the Jews, patron of Jewish learning, and Talmudic author. |
| 1034. | Death of Samuel Chofni, last of the Sora Geonim. |
| 1038. | The death of Haï, Gaon of Pumbeditha, marks the end of the Gaonate. |
| 1038 (about). | Chananel ben Chushiel and Nissim ben Jacob Ibn-Shahin (1015–1055), Talmudists in Kairuan. |
| 1045. | Solomon Ibn-Gebirol (Avicebron, 1021–1070), poet and philosopher, author of the “Kether Malkuth” and the “Mekor Chayim.” |
| 1050 (about). | Bachya Ibn-Pakuda, philosopher, writes the “Guide to the Duties of the Heart.” |
| 1055. | Abu Hussain Joseph Ibn-Nagrela (1031–1066), minister to Badis of Granada, Nagid of the Jews, and patron of Jewish learning. |
| 1056. | Isaac ben Jacob Alfassi (1013–1103), Talmudist. |
| 1066. | Banishment of the Jews from Granada. First persecution of the Jews of Spain since its conquest by the Mahometans. |
| 1069. | Isaac ben Baruch Ibn-Albalia (1035–1094), astronomer to Al-Mutamed in Cordova, Nassi of the Jews, Talmudist. |
| 1070. | Rashi (Solomon Yizchaki, 1040–1105), exegete and Talmudist. |
| 1078. | Pope Gregory VII (Hildebrand) promulgates the canonical law against Jews’ holding offices in Christendom. |
| 1095. | Emperor Henry IV issues a decree against the forcible baptism of Jews. |
| 1096. | The first Crusade: Suffering of the Jews of Rouen, Treves, Speyer, Worms, Cologne, Ratisbon, Prague, etc. |
| 1099. | The Jews of Jerusalem burnt in a synagogue by the crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon. |
| 1100. | Abraham ben Chiya Albargeloni (1065–1136), astronomer. |
| 1110. | Moses Ibn-Ezra (1070–1139), liturgical and erotic poet. |
| | Joseph ben Meïr Ibn-Migash Halevi (1077–1141), Talmudist. |
| 1120. | Jehuda ben Samuel Halevi (1086–1142), poet and philosopher, author of the Zion songs and of the Chozari. |
| 1141. | Jehuda Halevi leaves Spain for Palestine. |
| | The Tossafists: the family of Rashi, especially his grandsons Jacob Tam (1100–1171), and Samuel ben Meïr (Rashbam, 1100–1160). |
| 1146. | Beginning of the Almohade persecution in northern Africa and southern Spain. Jews flee, or pretend to accept Islam. |
| 1147. | The Second Crusade. Pope Eugenius III absolves crusaders from the payment of interest on debts owing to Jews. |
| | The crusaders attack the Jews of the Rhine country, South Germany, and France. |
| | In consequence of their protection by Emperor Conrad III, the Jews are considered servi cameræ. |
| 1149. | Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, of Toledo, Nassi, steward of the palace under Alfonso VII Raimundez. He persecutes the Karaites. |
| 1150 (about). | Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Ezra (1088–1167), poet, exegete, philosopher. |
| 1160 (about). | Jacob Tam calls the first rabbinical synod. |
| | Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi (1110–1180), philosopher and historian. |
| | The Exilarchate revived by Mahomet Almuktafi. Solomon (Chasdaï) Exilarch. |
| 1160 (about). | David Alrui pretends to be divinely appointed to lead the Jews of the Bagdad Caliphate to Jerusalem. |
| 1164 (about). | Moses ben Maimun (Rambam, Maimonides, 1135–1204), philosopher, writes his “Letter of Consolation.” |
| 1165. | Benjamin of Tudela begins his travels in the East. |
| | Serachya Halevi Gerundi (1125–1186), Talmudist. |
| 1168. | Maimonides finishes his Arabic commentary on the Mishna. |
| 1170 (about). | Meshullam ben Jacob, Provençal patron of Jewish learning. |
| | Judah ben Saul Ibn-Tibbon (1120–1190), physician and translator. |
| | David Kimchi, grammarian and exegete. |
| | Abraham ben David of Posquières (Rabed II, 1125–1198), Talmudist, Maimonides’ opponent. |
| 1170 (about). | Jonathan Cohen of Lünel, Talmudist. |
| | Jacob ben Meshullam, first promoter of the Kabbala. |
| 1171. | The Jews of Blois burnt on the charge of having used human blood in the Passover. The blood accusation, or charge of ritual murder, preferred for the first time. |
| | Death of Jacob Tam. |
| | Isaac ben Samuel (Ri) of Dampierre, Tossafist. |
| 1172. | Persecution of the Jews of Yemen. Messianic excitement. |
| 1175 (about). | Petachya of Ratisbon, traveler. |
| | Samuel ben Ali Halevi, Gaon of Bagdad, opponent of Maimonides. |
| 1177. | Maimonides rabbi of Cairo. |
| 1179. | The Third Lateran Council passes decrees protecting the religious liberty of the Jews. |
| 1180. | Maimonides finishes his Mishne Torah, or Yad ha-Chazaka. |
| 1181. | Philip II Augustus of France banishes the Jews from his hereditary province. |
| 1187. | Saladin permits Jews to enter Jerusalem. |
| 1189. | Attack on the Jews of London at Richard I’s coronation. The excitement spreads to Lynn, Norwich, Stamford, York, and Bury St. Edmund’s. |
| 1190 (about). | Maimonides issues the “Guide of the Perplexed,” dedicating it to Joseph Ibn-Aknin. |
| | Abraham Ibn-Alfachar (1160–1223), diplomat under Alfonso VIII of Castile. |
| | Ephraim ben Jacob of Bonn (1132–1200), liturgical poet and author of a martyrology. |
| | Massacre of the Jews of Germany from the Rhine to Vienna under Emperor Henry VI. |
| | Samuel Ibn-Tibbon (1160–1239), translator. |
| 1190 (about). | Süsskind of Trimberg, Jewish minnesinger. |
| | Judah Sir Leon ben Isaac, the Pious (1166–1224), Tossafist, author of the “Book of the Pious.” |
| | Samson ben Abraham of Sens, Tossafist. |
| | Isaac the Younger (Rizba), Tossafist; Jacob of Orleans, Tossafist. |
| 1197. | Hillali, the oldest Hebrew copy of the Bible in Spain, taken by the Almohades. |
| | Sheshet Benveniste (1131–1210), philosopher, physician, Talmudist, diplomat, and poet. |
| 1198. | The Jews of France forbidden to move from province to province. |
| 1204. | Death of Maimonides. |
| 1209. | The Council of Avignon issues restrictive measures against the Jews. |
| 1210 (about). | Isaac the Blind, founder of the Kabbala. Disciples: Azriel and Ezra. |
| | Jehuda Alcharisi, poet. |
| 1210. | The Jews of England imprisoned by King John. |
| 1211. | French and English rabbis emigrate to Palestine. |
| 1212. | The Jews of Toledo killed by crusaders under the Cistercian monk Arnold. First persecution of Jews in Castile. |
| 1215. | The Fourth Lateran Council under the pope Innocent III, among many anti-Jewish measures, decrees the Jew badge. |
| 1222. | The Council of Oxford imposes restrictions on the English Jews. |
| 1223. | The rabbinical synod of Mayence regulates the payment of the Jew taxes. |
| 1227. | The Council of Narbonne re-enacts the anti-Jewish decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council. |
| 1229. | Pope Gregory IX antagonizes the Jews. |
| 1232. | The Jews of Hungary excluded from state offices. |
| | Meïr ben Todros Halevi Abulafia (1180–1244) attacks Maimonides’ doctrine of the immortality of the soul. |
| 1233. | Solomon ben Abraham of Montpellier, Jonah ben Abraham Gerundi, and David ben Saul ally themselves with the Dominicans, who burn Maimonides’ works in Montpellier and Paris. |
| 1235. | Abraham Maimuni (1185–1254), physician and philosopher. |
| 1235. | Moses ben Nachman (Ramban, 1195–1270), Talmudist, exegete, Kabbalist, anti-Maimunist. |
| | Jacob ben Abba Mari ben Simon (Anatoli), Jewish scholar at the court of Frederick II. |
| | Bebachya ben Natronaï Nakdan (Crispia), fabulist and punctuator. |
| 1235. | Gregory IX confirms the Constitutio Judæorum of Innocent III. |
| 1236. | Crusaders attack the Jewish communities of Anjou, Poitou, etc. |
| 1239. | On the charges of the apostate Nicholas-Donin, Gregory IX orders the Dominicans and Franciscans to examine the Talmud, and burn it, if necessary. |
| 1240. | Disputation before Louis IX of France between Nicholas-Donin and the Jews, represented by Yechiel of Paris, Moses of Coucy, Talmudist and itinerant preacher, and two others. |
| 1240. | A Jewish Parliament assembled by Henry III. |
| 1242. | The Talmud burnt at Paris. |
| 1244. | Archduke Frederick I the Valiant, of Austria, grants privileges to the Jews. |
| 1246. | The Council of Béziers forbids Jews to practice medicine. |
| 1247. | Pope Innocent IV issues a bull disproving the blood accusation against the Jews. |
| 1254. | The Jews expelled from his dominions by Louis IX of France. End of the Tossafists. |
| 1257. | Alfonso X, the Wise, of Castile, compiles a code, containing a section of anti-Jewish laws. |
| 1263. | Moses ben Nachman opposes Pablo Christiani at the disputation of Barcelona. |
| 1264. | The Jews of London attacked under Henry III. |
| 1267. | The Council of Vienna re-enacts the anti-Jewish decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council. |
| 1271 (about). | Pope Gregory X issues a bull deprecating the forced baptism of Jews. |
| 1278. | The Jews of England imprisoned on the charge of counterfeiting coin. |
| 1279. | The Council of Buda enacts anti-Jewish measures. |
| | Solomon ben Adret (Rashba, 1245–1310), Talmudist. |
| | David Maimuni (1233–1300), grandson of Maimonides. |
| 1283. | Beginning of the massacres of the Jews of Germany on the blood accusation. |
| | Moses ben Chasdaï Taku (1250–1290), anti-Maimunist. |
| 1286. | Meïr ben Baruch of Rothenburg (1220–1293), chief rabbi of Germany, imprisoned when about to emigrate. |
| 1288. | Saad Addaula, minister of finance of the Persian empire under Argun. |
| 1289. | Maimonides’ works burnt at Accho. Solomon Petit, anti-Maimunist and Kabbalist; Hillel ben Samuel of Verona (1220–1295), Talmudist and Maimunist. |
| 1290. | The Jews banished from England. |
| 1291. | The Jews of Accho imprisoned or executed by the Sultan of Egypt. |
| 1295 (about). | Publication of the Zohar by Moses de Leon; Kabbalistic studies flourish. |
| 1298. | Persecution of the Jews in Germany instigated by Rindfleish; Mordecai ben Hillel a martyr. |
| 1305. | The ban against the study of science pronounced by Abba-Mari ben Moses; authorized by Solomon ben Adret; urged by Asher ben Yechiel (Asheri); opposed by the Tibbonides led by Jacob ben Machir (Profatius) and the poet Yedaya Penini Bedaresi. |
| 1306. | The first expulsion of the Jews from France under Philip IV the Fair. |
| 1310. | Asheri compiles his Talmudic code. |
| 1313. | The Council of Zamora renews the canonical laws hostile to the Jews. |
| 1315. | Louis X of France recalls the Jews. |
| 1320. | The Pastoureaux persecutions in France (Gesereth ha-Roïm). |
| 1321. | The Leper persecution in France (Gesereth Mezoraim). The second expulsion of the Jews from France. |
| 1328. | Persecution of the Jews of Navarre. |
| 1334. | Casimir III the Great of Poland issues laws friendly to the Jews. |
| 1336. | Disputation at Valladolid between the Jews and the apostate Abner-Alfonso. Alfonso XI of Castile forbids the use of alleged blasphemous expressions in the Hebrew prayers. |
| | Persecution of the Jews in Germany by the Armleder. |
| 1337. | Joseph of Ecija and Samuel Ibn-Wakar favorites of Alfonso XI of Castile. Gonzalo Martinez plans the destruction of the Jews of Castile. |
| 1340. | Jacob ben Asheri (Baal ha-Turim, 1280–1340) compiles his Talmudic code. |
| | Nissim Gerundi ben Reuben (1340–1380), rabbi of Barcelona. |
| 1342. | Levi ben Gerson (Gersonides, Maestro Leon de Bagnols, 1288–1345), physician and philosopher. |
| 1348. | Persecution of the Jews in Europe on account of the Black Death. Pope Clement VI issues two bulls protecting the Jews. |
| 1350. | Moses ben Joshua Narboni (Maestro Vidal, 1300–1362), philosopher. |
| 1350. | Aaron II ben Elia Nicomedi (1300–1369), Karaite philosopher. |
| | Santob de Carrion (1300–1350), Jewish-Spanish troubadour. |
| | Samuel Abulafia, minister to Pedro the Cruel of Castile. |
| 1351. | The cortes of Valladolid ask the abolition of the judicial autonomy of Spanish-Jewish communities. |
| 1355. | The “Golden Bull” by Emperor Charles IV confers the privilege of holding Jews on the Electors. |
| 1357. | Completion of the synagogue at Toledo built by Samuel Abulafia. |
| 1360. | Samuel Abulafia dies under torture on the charge of peculation. |
| | Participation of the Jews of Castile in the civil war (1360–1369) between Pedro the Cruel and Henry de Trastamare, chiefly on the side of the former. |
| | Manessier de Vesoul obtains from King John a decree permitting Jews to dwell in France. |
| 1370 (about). | Meïr ben Baruch Halevi of Vienna introduces the conferring of authorization for the exercise of rabbinical functions (Morenu). He and his disciples, principally Isaac of Tyrnau, compile the customs (Minhagim) of the communities. |
| 1371. | The Jews of Castile under Henry II compelled to wear badges and give up Spanish names. |
| 1375. | Disputation at Avila between the apostate John of Valladolid and Moses Cohen de Tordesillas. |
| 1376. | Disputation at Pampeluna between John of Valladolid and Shem-Tob ben Shaprut. |
| | Samuel Abrabanel at court under Henry II of Castile. |
| | Chayim ben Gallipapa (1310–1380), innovator; Menachem ben Aaron ben Zerach (1310–1385), rabbinical author; Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat (Ribash, 1310–1409), Talmudist; Chasdaï ben Abraham Crescas (1340–1410), philosopher. |
| 1379. | Joseph Pichon, receiver-general of taxes in Seville, murdered, probably at the instigation of Jews, against whom the fury of the populace is turned. |
| 1380. | Juan I restricts the judicial autonomy of the Castilian Jewish communities. |
| 1381. | A synod at Mayence regulates the rabbinical marriage laws (Tekanoth Shum). |
| 1385. | Juan I of Castile revives the canonical restrictions against the Jews. |
| 1389. | The charge of host desecration leads to the massacre of the Jews of Prague. |
| 1391. | Ferdinand Martinez incites the mob against the Jews of Seville. The massacre and plunder of the Jews spreads from Castile to Aragon, Majorca, and other parts of Spain. Many Jews converted to Christianity: Marranos. Solomon Levi of Burgos (Paul de Santa Maria, 1350–1435), begins his machinations against Judaism. |
| 1392. | Joao I of Portugal forbids force in the conversion of Jews. |
| 1394. | Third and last expulsion of the Jews from France, under Charles VI. |
| 1396 (about). | Writings in defence of Judaism by Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives Allorqui (Geronimo de Santa Fé), Chasdaï Crescas, and Profiat Duran. |
| 1399. | Persecution of the Jews of Prague at the instigation of the apostate Pessach; Lipmann of Mühlhausen among the sufferers. |
| 1408. | Alfonso X’s anti-Jewish laws revived under Juan II of Castile. |
| | Don Meïr Alguades, rabbi and physician, executed on the charge of host desecration. |
| | Kabbalistic studies flourish in Spain. |
| 1408. | Simon Duran (1361–1444), rabbi of Algiers. |
| 1410. | Chasdaï Crescas publishes his religio-philosophic work. |
| 1412. | Juan II issues an edict of twenty-four articles designed to reduce the social prestige of the Jews. Vincent Ferrer preaches Christianity in the synagogues, and inflames the populace against the Jews. Second general massacre of Jews in all the Spanish provinces. Numerous Jews submit to baptism. |
| 1413. | Religious disputation at Tortosa arranged by Pope Benedict XIII between Geronimo de Santa Fé (Joshua Lorqui), and Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi and Joseph Albo. Many Jews submit to baptism. |
| 1415. | Benedict XIII forbids the study of the Talmud, and ordains the Jew badge and Christian sermons for Jews. |
| 1419. | Martin V issues a bull deprecating the forced conversion of Jews. |
| 1420. | Persecution of the Jews of Austria. |
| 1421. | Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi (Maharil, 1365–1427), compiler of the German synagogue liturgy and melodies. |
| 1426. | The Jews of Cologne banished. |
| 1428. | Joseph Albo (1380–1444) publishes his philosophical work Ikkarim. |
| 1431. | The Jews of South Germany persecuted on account of the blood accusation. |
| 1431. | Menachem of Merseburg (Meïl Zedek) regulates divorce proceedings. |
| 1432. | A synod at Avila under Abraham Benveniste Senior provides for an educational system for Jewish Spain (the law of Avila). |
| | Moses ben Isaac (Gajo) da Rieti (1388–1451), Italian Jewish poet and physician. |
| 1434. | The Council of Basle renews old and devises new canonical restrictions against Jews. |
| | Annihilation of the Jews of Majorca. |
| 1441. | The Jews expelled from Augsburg. |
| 1442. | Eugenius IV issues a bull enforcing all the old canonical restrictions against the Jews of Leon and Castile. |
| 1445. | The first Hebrew concordance by Isaac ben Kalonymos Nathan. |
| 1447. | Nicholas V makes Eugenius IV’s bull applicable to Italian Jews. |
| | Casimir IV of Poland grants unusual privileges to Jews. |
| 1450. | The Jews of Bavaria persecuted. |
| 1451. | Nicholas de Cusa enforces the wearing of Jew badges in Germany. |
| | Pope Nicholas V authorizes the appointment of inquisitors for Marranos. |
| 1453. | The persecution of the Jews of Germany, Silesia, and Poland at the instigation of John of Capistrano. |
| | The Jews favored in Turkey. Moses Kapsali chief rabbi. |
| 1454. | The privileges of the Polish Jews revoked. |
| 1460. | Alfonso de Spina publishes an attack upon Judaism. |
| 1468. | The Jews of Sepulveda charged with the blood accusation. |
| 1470. | The Marranos of Valladolid attacked. |
| 1472. | The Marranos of Cordova attacked. |
| 1474. | The Marranos of Segovia attacked. |
| 1475. | Bernardinus of Feltre preaches against the Jews in Italy. |
| | The Jews charged with the murder of Simon of Trent for ritual purposes; a persecution of the Jews of Ratisbon follows. |
| 1480 (about). | Pico di Mirandola the first Christian scholar to devote himself to Hebrew literature. |
| 1480. | The Inquisition against the Marranos established in Seville and at other places in Castile. |
| 1482. | Pope Sixtus IV denounces the cruelties of the Spanish Inquisition. |
| 1482. | The Inquisition against Marranos established in Aragon, Thomas de Torquemada chief inquisitor. |
| | Elias del Medigo (1463–1498), scholar. |
| 1483. | Torquemada made inquisitor-general of Spain. |
| 1484. | Isaac ben Jehuda Abrabanel (1437–1509), minister of finance to Ferdinand and Isabella. |
| 1492. | Expulsion of the Jews from Spain. |
| 1493 | Most Spanish Jews leave Portugal; all remaining behind are sold as slaves. |
| | Simon Duran II (1439–1570), rabbi of Algiers. |
| 1494. | Isaac Abrabanel, minister of finance to two kings of Naples. |
| 1496. | Manoel of Portugal orders the Jews to accept baptism or leave the country. |
| 1497. | Manoel seizes Jewish children and has them baptized; many Jews accept baptism; all others banished from Portugal. |
| 1498. | The exiles settled in Navarre banished. |
| 1499. | The Jews of Nuremberg banished. |
| 1502. | Judah Leon Abrabanel (Medigo, 1470–1530) writes his “Dialogues of Love.” |
| | Asher Lämmlein proclaims himself the forerunner of the Messiah. |
| 1503 (about). | Abraham Farissol (1451–1525), scholar at the court of Ferrara. |
| | Gershon Cohen Soncinus establishes a Hebrew printing office in Prague. |
| | Jacob Polak (1460–1530), the alleged originator of the Pilpul method of Talmud study. |
| 1504. | Abraham Zacuto finishes his chronicle, “Sefer Yochasin.” |
| 1506. | Massacre of Marranos in Lisbon. |
| 1507. | Beginning of the feud between John Reuchlin and the Humanists on the one side and, on the other, Pfefferkorn, the tool of the Dominicans led by Hoogstraten, Victor von Karben, Arnold von Tongern, Ortuinus Gratius, and the theological faculties of various universities. The Talmud and the Jews attacked and defended before Maximilian I, Popes Alexander VI and Leo X. The last publication by Pfefferkorn in 1521, near the beginning of Luther’s Reformation. |
| 1507 (about). | Obadiah Sforno, Jacob Mantin, Abraham de Balmes, and Elias Levita (1468–1549), Hebrew grammarians, teachers of Hebrew to Christians. Introduction of Hebrew studies into German and French universities through the efforts of Egidio de Viterbo, Reuchlin, and Augustin Justiniani. |
| 1514 (about). | Obadyah di Bertinoro (1470–1520), Talmudist and preacher, improves Jerusalem. |
| 1516. | Venice sets apart a special quarter for a Ghetto. |
| 1517 (about). | David Ibn-Abi Zimra (1470–1573) abolishes the Seleucidæan era for the Egyptian Jews. |
| 1518 (about). | Samuel Abrabanel (1473–1550) employed as financier by the viceroy of Naples; Benvenida Abrabanela. |
| 1519 (about). | Joseph ben Gershon Loans (Joslin of Rosheim, 1478–1554), representative and protector of the German Jews. |
| 1520 (about). | Elias Mizrachi (1455–1527), chief rabbi of Turkey. |
| 1523 (about). | Elias Kapsali (1490–1555), historian. |
| 1524. | The Jews of Cairo threatened with destruction by Achmed Shaitan, viceroy of Egypt. |
| | João III of Portugal employs Henrique Nunes (Firme-Fé) as a spy upon the Marranos. |
| | David Reubeni in Rome under the protection of Pope Clement VII. |
| 1529. | Solomon Molcho (Diogo Pires, 1501–1532) begins his Messianic agitation. |
| 1530 (about). | Portuguese Marranos burnt by order of the Bishop of Ceuta. |
| 1531. | Clement VII issues a bull establishing the Portuguese Inquisition for Marranos. |
| 1532. | Marranos forbidden to leave Portugal. |
| | Molcho burnt by Emperor Charles V at Mantua. |
| | Clement VII stops the proceedings of the Portuguese Inquisition at the instance of Marranos. |
| 1535. | Eighteen hundred Marranos liberated from the Portuguese Inquisition in obedience to a bull of Paul III. |
| 1535 (about). | Moses Hamon (1490–1565), physician to Sultan Selim I. |
| 1536. | Paul III sanctions the Portuguese Inquisition. |
| 1538. | The ordination of rabbis (Semicha) re-introduced by Jacob Berab. |
| 1541. | Most of the Jews leave Naples, where they are threatened with social degradation. |
| 1542. | The Jews of Prague banished. |
| | Luther attacks the Jews. |
| 1548. | Portuguese Marranos again liberated on the interference of Paul III. |
| 1550. | The Jews banished from Genoa. |
| 1552. | Samuel Usque finishes his “Consolations for the Sorrows of Israel.” |
| 1553. | The Talmud confiscated under Julius III in Italy. |
| 1554. | Joseph Karo (1488–1575), Kabbalist and Talmudist, finishes his code, the Shulchan Aruch. |
| 1555. | Paul IV issues a severe bull against the Jews. |
| | The Marranos of Ancona imprisoned and tried by the Inquisition. |
| 1555. | Amatus Lusitanus (1511–1568), physician. |
| 1556. | Sultan Solyman demands from Paul IV the release of Turkish Marranos; Donna Gracia Mendesia (1510–1568). |
| 1559. | The Talmud burnt at Cremona; prayer books burnt in Vienna. |
| 1560 (about). | Joseph ben Joshua Cohen (1496–1575), historian, writes his “Annals.” |
| | Joseph Ibn-Verga completes the martyrology “Shebet Jehuda,” begun by his grandfather and father. |
| 1561. | The Jews of Prague banished. |
| 1564. | Pius IV permits the publication of the Talmud without its name, and after having been submitted to censorship. |
| 1566. | Pius V enforces all the canonical restrictions against the Jews. |
| | Joseph Nassi (d. 1579) made Duke of Naxos by Sultan Selim II. |
| 1568. | Isaac Lurya Levi (1534–1572), Kabbalist, pretends to be the Messiah of Joseph. |
| | Chayim Vital Calabrese (1543–1620), Kabbalist, associate of Lurya. |
| 1569. | All the Jews in the Papal States except those of Rome and Ancona expelled. |
| 1570. | Azarya ben Moses deï Rossi (1514–1578), scholar. |
| 1570 (about). | Solomon Lurya (1510–1573) and Moses ben Israel Isserles (1520–1572), author of the “Mappa,” the continuation of the Shulchan Aruch, Polish Talmudists. |
| 1574. | Solomon ben Nathan Ashkenazi negotiates peace between Venice and Turkey. |
| 1576. | Stephen Bathori allows the Jews of Poland to carry on trade without restrictions. |
| 1579. | Gracia Nassi establishes a Hebrew printing press in Turkey. Esther Kiera, Turkish court-Jewess, publishes Hebrew books. |
| 1581. | Gregory XIII forbids the employment of Jewish physicians, re-ordains the confiscation of Hebrew books, and re-introduces the compulsory Christian sermon for Jews. |
| 1586. | Sixtus V permits Jews in the Papal States and the printing of the Talmud. |
| | David de Pomis (1525–1588), physician. |
| 1586 (about). | The Jews of Poland establish the Synod of the Four Countries; Mordecai Jafa probably its first president. |
| 1587. | Gedalya Ibn-Yachya (1515–1587), historian, has his work printed. |
| 1592. | David Gans (1541–1613) publishes his history. |
| 1593. | Isaac ben Abraham Troki (1533–1594), Karaite, publishes his “Chisuk Emunah.” |
| | Clement VIII expels the Jews from all the Papal States except Rome and Ancona. |
| | The first Marrano settlement made in Holland at Amsterdam under Jacob Tirado. |
| 1597. | The Jews expelled from various Italian principalities; Ferrara ceases to harbor Marranos. |
| 1604. | Clement VIII issues a bull of absolution for imprisoned Portuguese Marranos. |
| 1612. | Portuguese Jews granted right of residence in Hamburg. |
| 1614. | Vincent Fettmilch’s attack upon the Jews of Frankfort. |
| 1615. | The Jews of Worms banished. |
| 1616. | Jews re-admitted into Frankfort and Worms. |
| 1617. | Lipmann Heller (1579–1654) completes his “Tossafoth Yomtob.” |
| 1619. | Permission accorded the Jews of Amsterdam to profess their religion. |
| 1621 (about). | Sara Copia Sullam (1600–1641), poetess. |
| 1623. | Excommunication of Uriel da Costa (1590–1640). |
| 1630. | Suffering of the Jews during the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648). |
| 1639 (about). | A Talmud Torah opened in Amsterdam. Saul Levi Morteira, Isaac Aboab de Fonseca, and Manasseh ben Israel, rabbis of Amsterdam. |
| 1641 (about). | Leo ben Isaac Modena (1571–1649); Joseph Solomon Delmedigo (1591–1655); and Simone Luzzatto (1590–1663), scholars not wholly in accord with the Judaism of their time. |
| 1646. | The Jews in Brazil side with the Dutch in their war with the Portuguese. |
| 1648. | Beginning of the Cossack persecutions of the Jews in Poland under Chmielnicki. |
| 1649 (about). | Christian scholars in Holland devote themselves to Hebrew literature. |
| 1655. | Manasseh ben Israel goes to London to obtain from Cromwell the re-admission of the Jews into England. |
| 1657. | Cromwell permits Sephardic Jews settled in London to open a burial ground. |
| 1665. | Sabbataï Zevi (1626–1676) publicly accepted as the Messiah; his followers and opponents. |
| 1670. | Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) publishes his “Theologico-Political Treatise”; contemporary Marrano poets and authors in Amsterdam. |
| | The Jews banished from Vienna by Emperor Leopold I. |
| | The Jews permitted to settle in the Mark Brandenburg by Elector John George. |
| 1678 (about). | Richard Simon, Father of the Oratory, makes Rabbinical literature known to Christians. |
| 1679. | Mordecai of Eisenstadt renews the Sabbatian craze. |
| 1686 (about). | Jacob Querido represents himself as the successor of Sabbataï Zevi. |
| 1690 (about). | Swedish scholars study the history of the Karaites. |
| 1695 (about). | Berachya represents himself as the successor of Sabbataï Zevi; his sect, the Donmäh. |
| 1698. | William Surenhuysius translates the Mishna into Latin. |
| 1700. | John Andrew Eisenmenger attempts the publication of his “Judaism Unmasked.” |
| 1707. | Jacob Basnage publishes his “History of the Jewish Religion.” |
| 1713. | Nehemiah Chiya Chayon (1650–1726), Sabbatian, causes a quarrel in the Amsterdam community; Solomon Ayllon and Chacham Zevi (Zevi ben Jacob Ashkenazi, 1656–1678). |
| 1743. | Moses Chayim Luzzatto (1707–1747), poet and Kabbalist, publishes his drama La-Yesharim Tehilla. |
| 1745. | The Jews of Prague placed under severe restrictions by Maria Theresa. |
| 1750 (about). | Chassidism founded by Israel Baalshem (1698–1759) and Beer of Mizricz (1700–1772); Elijah Wilna Gaon (1720–1797), its antagonist. |
| 1751. | Contest between Jonathan Eibeschütz (1690–1764) and Jacob Emden Ashkenazi (1698–1776). |
| 1755. | Moses Mendelssohn (1728–1786) publishes his first work. |
| 1759 (about). | Jacob Frank, Sabbatian leader, founder of the Frankist sect. |
| 1762. | Isaac Pinto publishes his “Reflections” in answer to Voltaire’s defamation of Judaism. |
| 1778. | Mendelssohn publishes the first part of his Pentateuch translation. |
| 1779. | Lessing publishes his “Nathan the Wise.” |
| 1781. | Christian William Dohm (1751–1820) publishes his work “Upon the Civil Amelioration of the Condition of the Jews.” |
| | Joseph II of Austria abolishes the Jewish poll-tax, and grants civil liberties to the Jews. |
| 1783. | Mendelssohn publishes “Jerusalem, or upon Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism.” |
| 1783. | Ha-Meassef founded by Mendelssohn’s followers (Measfim). |
| 1787. | Mirabeau publishes his work “Upon Mendelssohn and the Political Reform of the Jews.” |
| 1788. | The poll-tax removed from the Jews of Prussia. |
| 1789. | Abbé Grégoire publishes his “Proposals in Favor of the Jews.” |
| 1790. | The French National Assembly grants citizenship to the Sephardic Jews. |
| 1791. | The French National Assembly grants full civil rights to the Jews. |
| 1796. | The Batavian National Assembly decrees citizenship for the Jews. |
| 1803. | Israel Jacobson and Wolff Breidenbach agitate the abolition of the poll-tax for Jews. |
| 1804. | Alexander I of Russia exempts certain classes of Jews from the exceptional laws. |
| 1806. | Napoleon I summons the Assembly of Jewish Notables; Abraham Furtado, president. Twelve Questions propounded to the Assembly. |
| 1807. | The Great Synhedrion convened by Napoleon; Joseph David Sinzheim president. |
| 1808. | The Jews of Westphalia and of Baden emancipated. |
| 1811. | The Jews of Hamburg emancipated. |
| 1812. | The Jews of Mecklenburg and Prussia emancipated. |
| 1818 (about). | Consecration of the Temple of the Hamburg Reform Union, Gotthold Salomon, preacher. |
| 1819. | The beginning of the “Hep, hep!” persecutions. |
| | Formation of the Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews; Zunz, Gans, and Moser. |
| 1821. | Chacham Bernays opposes the Reform Temple Union in Hamburg. |
| 1822. | Isaac Marcus Jost (1793–1860) begins to publish his history of the Jews. |
| 1825. | Isaac Noah Mannheimer (1793–1864), rabbi in Vienna, champion of the moderate party. |
| 1831. | Louis Philippe ratifies the law for the complete emancipation of the French Jews. |
| | Gabriel Riesser (1806–1860), champion of the emancipation of the German Jews. |
| | Solomon Ludwig Steinheim (1790–1866), Jewish religious philosopher. |
| | Nachman Cohen Krochmal (1785–1840), Solomon Jehuda Rapoport (1790–1867), Samuel David Luzzatto (1800–1865), Isaac Erter (1792–1851), scholars, regenerators of Jewish science and Hebrew style. |
| 1832. | Leopold Zunz (1794–1886) publishes his first epoch-making work. |
| 1833. | The Kerem Chemed, a Hebrew journal for Jewish science, established. |
| 1835. | Abraham Geiger (1810–1876), scholar and preacher. |
| 1836. | Franz Delitzsch publishes his “History of Neo-Hebraic Poetry.” |
| 1839. | Sultan Abdul Meg’id grants citizenship to Turkish Jews. |
| 1840. | The Damascus blood accusation; Moses Montefiore (1784–1885); Adolf Crémieux (1796–1880); Solomon Munk (1802–1867). |
| 1842. | The “Society of the Friends of Reform” founded in Frankfort. |
| 1844. | The first Rabbinical Conference at Brunswick; Samuel Holdheim (1806–1860). |
| 1845. | The Reform Association formed in Berlin. |
| | The second Rabbinical Conference at Frankfort; Zachariah Frankel (1801–1875). |
| | Michael Sachs (1808–1864) publishes his “Religious Poetry of the Jews of Spain.” |
| 1848. | The emancipation of the Jews in the German states. |
| 1854. | The Breslau Jewish Theological Seminary founded. |
| 1858. | The oath “on the true faith of a Christian” abolished in England; Jewish disabilities removed. |
| | The Mortara abduction case. |
| 1860. | The Alliance Israélite Universelle founded. |
| 1871. | The Anglo-Jewish Association founded. |
| 1873. | The Union of American Hebrew Congregations established. |