q, w, x, y are not used.
c, g, h, s, which in English represent more than one sound, and j are also used with the mark ˆ—
c ĉ, g ĝ, h ĥ, j ĵ, s ŝ.
c (whose two English sounds are represented by k and s) has the sound of ts, as in its, tsar.
ĉ like ch, tch, in church, match.
g hard, as in go, gig, gun.
ĝ soft, as in gentle, gem, or like j in just, Jew.
h well breathed, as in horse, home, how.
ĥ strongly breathed, and in the throat, as in the Scotch word loch. (Ask any Scotsman to pronounce it). ĥ occurs but seldom. It is the Irish gh in lough, and the Welsh ch.
j like y in yes, you, or j in hallelujah, fjord.