The Great White North / The story of polar exploration from the earliest times to the discovery of the pole

by Helen S. Wright

Land-ice consists of drift-ice attached to the shore; or drift-ice which, by being covered with mud or gravel, appears to have recently been in contact with the shore; or the flat ice resting on the land, not having the appearance or elevation of icebergs.

Tide-hole. A well sunk in the ice for the purpose of observing tides.

A tongue is a point of ice projecting nearly horizontally from a part that is under water. Ships have sometimes run aground upon tongues of ice.

Tracking. Towing along a margin of ice.

Water-sky. A dark appearance in the sky, indicating “clear water” in that direction, and forming a striking contrast with the “blink” over land or ice.

INDEX

• Abruzzi, Duke of, the, [425-430].
• Adams, Captain, [451].
• Advance, voyage of, [105], [108], [113];
• second voyage, [198-200];
• winters in Rensseläer Harbour, [202];
• abandonment, [228].
• Advice, voyage of, [103].
• Albert, Prince of Monaco, [422].
• Aldrich, Lieutenant, farthest, [325].
• Alert, voyage of, [310];
• high northing, [314];
• winters at Floe-berg Beach, [315-324];
• rejoins the Discovery, [326].
• Alexai, [346], [351], [360].
• Alexander, voyage of, [30].
• Ambler, Dr. J. M., [346], [349], [352], [367].
• America, voyage of, [430], [432], [433].
• Amundsen, Anton, [410].
• Amundsen, Captain Roald, successful navigation of Northwest Passage, [450-454].
• Anderson, James, [185].
• Andrée, Salamon August, [422-424].
• Andreief, Lieutenant, [370].
• Andriz, Claes, [17].
• Anequin, [346].
• Anjou, Lieutenant P. F., [25].
• Archer, Lieutenant, surveys Archer Fiord, [326].
• Arctic, in command of Lieutenant Hartstein, [232].
• Assistance, in command of Captain Ommaney, [104], [109], [120];
• in command, of Sir Edward Belcher, [141], [143], [179], [191].
• Astrup, Eivind, [457], [459], [460].
• Austin, Captain H. T., [104], [120], [122].
• Austro-Hungarian expedition, [286].
• Back, Captain G., search for Ross, [67];
• explores Great Fish River, [71];
• Back’s farthest, [72];
• second voyage, [73];
• land voyage with Franklin, [82], [85], [87], [88];
• second land journey with Franklin, [90].
• Bade, Captain, [424].
• Baffin, [21].
• Baldwin, Evelyn, [425], [430], [432], [459].
• Baldwin-Ziegler expedition, [430-434].
• Balto, the Lapp, [403].
• Banman, Lieutenant Victor, [433].
• Bardsen, Iva, [2].
• Barnes, Captain, of Sea Breeze, [346].
• Barentz, William, three voyages, [13-17].
• Barnard, Lieutenant, murdered, [174].
• Barreto Junior, [93].
• Barry, Captain, [342].
• Bartlett, Captain, [440].
• Bauldry, Captain, of the Helen Mar, [346].
• Bear, [398-400].
• Beaumont, Lieutenant L. A., explores Greenland coast, [326].
• Bedford, [80].
• Beebe, William M. Jr., [379-380], [383].
• Beechey, Captain, in command of Blossom, [60].
• Behring, [21-24].
• Belcher, Sir Edward, in command of search expedition, [141], [143], [148];
• directs sledging parties, [174-177];
• desertion of the ships, [179].
• Belgia, [430], [432].
• Bellerophon, [80].
• Bellot, Lieutenant, French navy, [123], [127], [129], [131], [133], [136];
• death of, [169-172].
• Bender, [393].
• Bennett, James Gordon, [345].
• Berggren, Dr., [300].
• Bessels, Dr. Emil, accompanies Polaris expedition, [254];
• sledge journey, [256].
• Beverly, Surgeon, [32].
• Biederbick, [392].
• Billings, Captain, [25].
• Birulja, A., [418].
• Bona Speranza, in command of Sir Hugh Willoughby, [5].
• Bona Ventura, in command of Richard Chancellor, [6].
• Boothia Felix, [67].
• Boothia Peninsula, examined by M’Clintock, [100].
• Bore, Lieutenant G., Royal Italian navy, [304].
• Bradley, John R., [470].
• Brainard, D. L., [373];
• highest north, [376], [385], [391], [394], [396].
• Braskerud, [439], [441].
• Brattelid, [2].
• Bridgman, H. L., [440], [460], [464].
• British expedition of 1875, [310].
• Brown, Captain, in command of the Delight, [11].
• Brunsneff, [421].
• Buchan, [29-40].
• Buddington, Captain S. O., in command George Henry, [243];
• sailing master of Polaris, [254];
• wreck of Polaris, [259];
• winters Life Boat Cove, [261].
• Bunge, Dr. A., [417].
• Burrough, Stephen, [6];
• discovers strait leading into Kara Sea and winters at Colomogro, [7].
• Butler, Captain, [10].
• Cabot, John, [3-4].
• Cabot, Sebastian, [3-5].
• Cagni, Captain Umberto, [426];
• highest north, [428].
• Cannon, Henry W., [464].
• Cape Bounty, discovered by Parry, [42].
• Carcase, in command of Phipps, [27].
• Carlsen, Captain E., navigates the Sea of Kara, [268].
• Cato, voyage of, [80].
• Cator, Lieutenant Commander, of the Intrepid, [104].
• Chamberlin, Professor T. C., [460].
• Chancellor, Richard, [5];
• reaches Bay of St. Nicholas, undertakes visit to Moscow, [6].
• Chandler, Hon. W. E., [400].
• Chipp, Lieutenant C. W., executive officer of the Jeannette, [345], [348];
• abandonment of Jeannette, [351];
• assigned to second cutter, [353];
• lost, [357].
• Christiansen, Hans, Eskimo interpreter for second Grinnell expedition, [200], [208], [210], [219], [228];
• accompanies Polaris expedition, [254];
• adrift on the ice floe, [260], [266].
• Christensen, Eskimo, [375], [393].
• Clavering, Captain, [57].
• Coffin, Captain Edwin, [432].
• Collins, Jerome J., [346], [351];
• death, [360].
• Collinson, Captain Richard, in command of Enterprise, [103].
• Colwell, Lieutenant J. C., [381], [384], [395], [400].
• Conway, Sir Martin, [421].
• Cook, Captain, [28].
• Cook, Dr. Frederick A., [457];
• claims discovery of the Pole, [471-473].
• Coppinger, Dr., [326].
• Cortereals, Caspar, Miguel, Vasco, [7].
• Crane, Zenas, [468].
• Cresswell, Lieutenant, [148];
• carries despatches from McClure to England, [149].
• “Crimson Cliffs,” first mentioned by Captain John Ross, [31].
• “Crocker Mountains,” [32].
• Cross, Mrs. Susan J., [459].
• Crozier, Captain F. R. M., [187].
• Daly, Charles P., [335].
• Daly, Maria, [335].
• Danenhower, Lieutenant John W., [346], [349], [351], [364].
• Davis, John, three voyages, [13].
• Dawn, bark, [346].
• Dawson, Lieutenant, [370].
• Dease and Simpson, [73-75].
• Diedrick, Dr., [440].
• Delight, under Sir Humphrey Gilbert, [10].
• De Long, Lieutenant George W., in command of the Jeannette expedition, [345];
• new lands, [350];
• abandonment of the Jeannette, [351];
• the retreat, [352];
• Bennett Island, [353];
• divides party, [353];
• making for the Lena delta, [357];
• lands, [358];
• last days, [360].
• Deshneff, [22].
• Dicuil, [2].
• Diebitsch, Emil, [462].
• Dietrichson, O. C., [403], [406].
• Digges, Sir Dudley, [19].
• Discovery, in command of Henry Hudson, [19];
• Discovery, voyage of, [310];
• winters at Discovery Harbour, [314];
• communicates with the Alert, [324];
• return to England, [326].
• Dorothea, voyage of, [33-40].
• Dressler, [360].
• Duffy, Seaman, [434].
• Dunbar, William M., [346], [350].
• Dymphna, [370].
• Eddystone, [45].
• Egerton, Lieutenant, [315], [320], [326].
• Einarsfjord, [2].
• Ekholm, [370].
• Elison, [388-390-393];
• death, [400].
• Emory, Lieutenant, [399-400].
• Enterprise, in command of Sir James Clark Ross, [95], [98];
• under Captain Richard Collinson, [103], [166].
• Entrikin, Samuel J., [459].
• Erebus, in command of Sir John Franklin, [93];
• last seen, [94].
• Eriksen, Mylius, [451].
• Esther, [335], [336], [342].
• Fairholme, Lieutenant, [93].
• Falcon, voyage of, [459], [460].
• Felix, in command of Captain John Ross, [104], [123].
• Fiala, Anthony, [432-434].
• Fitzjames, [193].
• Forsyth, Commander Charles C., [104].
• Forth, convoy for Duchess of Angouleme, [81].
• Fosheim, [441-443].
• Fox, voyage of, [186].
• Fram, Nansen’s voyage in the, [410-416];
• four years’ voyage in command of Otto Sverdrup, [436-449].
• Franaenkel, [422].
• Franklin, John, [29];
• early life, [79];
• first land journey, [82];
• land journey of 1825, [91-92];
• government service, [92];
• last journey of Sir John Franklin, [93];
• traces of lost ships, [110-184];
• record of Franklin expedition, [190-193].
• Franklin, Lady Jane, [92];
• offers reward for assistance to her husband, [102];
• appeal to the United States, [104].
• Frederick, [388-390], [393].
• Frithiof, [430-434].
• Frobisher, Martin, three voyages, [8].
• Frozen Strait of Middleton, [47].
• Fury, voyage of, [44-56];
• abandoned, [51].
• Gabriel, in command of Martin Frobisher, [8].
• Gardiner, [392].
• Garlington, Lieutenant E. A., [381], [384], [387].
• George Henry, conveys Charles Francis Hall to Greenland, [180];
• under Captain Buddington, [243].
• Georgian Islands, later called Parry Islands, discovered, [43].
• Gerlache, Captain, [430].
• German expedition, first, [268];
• second, [269];
• beset, [279];
• winters, [278];
• remarkable journey of Lieutenant Payer, [281].
• Germania, in command of Captain Koldeway, beset, [279];
• winters, [281];
• return, [285].
• Gibson, Langdon, [457].
• Giese, Dr., [370].
• Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, [10-13].
• Gilder, W. H., [334], [340-344].
• Gjoa, in command of Captain Roald Amundsen, [450-454].
• Gladen, convoy, [300].
• Golden Hinde, [10].
• Goodsir, Dr., [103], [122].
• Gore, Graham, [191-194].
• Gore, Professor J. H., [422].
• Görtz, [360].
• Greely, A. W. (Major General U. S. A.), Lieutenant in command of the Lady Franklin Bay expedition, [371];
• explorations in Grinnell Land, [377];
• first failure of relief ship, [379];
• second failure of relief ship, [382];
• abandonment of Fort Conger, [385];
• the retreat, [386];
• Cape Sabine, establishes Camp Clay, [387];
• horrors of the winter, [380-392];
• saved, [395-400].
• Green, sailor, [20].
• Greenland, yacht, in command of Captain Koldewey, [268].
• Grinnell expeditions, first, in command of De Haven, [105], [119];
• second, in command of Dr. Kane, [199];
• winters in Rensseläer Harbour, [202];
• sledging trips, [207];
• effects of exhaustion and cold, [211];
• Dr. Kane’s journey, [215];
• illness of Dr. Kane, [219];
• second winter in the ice, [223];
• privation and sufferings, [225];
• abandonment of Advance, [228];
• death of Ohlsen, [229];
• rescue, [230].
• Grinnell, Henry, [105].
• Grinnell Land, discovered, [115].
• Griper, in command of Parry, [41];
• in command of Clavering, [58].
• Haddington, Lord, [92].
• Hall, Charles Francis, early life, [243];
• first trip to Arctic, discovers Frobisher relics, [244-255];
• life with Eskimo, [246];
• journey to King William Land, [248];
• finds relics of Franklin, [251];
• return to the United States, [253];
• North Polar voyage, [254];
• death of Hall, [255].
• Hansa, second German expedition, [269];
• wreck of, [274].
• Hansen, Helmer, [450].
• Hansen, Lieutenant Godfred, [450], [452].
• Harber, Lieutenant Giles B., [364], [368].
• Hartstein, Lieutenant, sent to the relief of Dr. Kane, [232-234].
• De Haven, Lieutenant in command of first Grinnell expedition, [105].
• Hayes, Dr. I. I., accompanies second Grinnell expedition, [213], [219];
• in command of the United States, [235];
• death of Sonntag, [236];
• sledge journey to “Open Polar Sea,” [239];
• journey in Panther, [242].
• Hazen, General, [380], [384].
• Hearne, discovers the Coppermine River, [28].
• Hecla, in command of Parry, [41-56].
• Hegemann, Fr., Captain, in command of the Hansa, [269].
• Heiberg, Consul Axel, [436].
• Heilprin, Professor, [458].
• Helen Mar, whaler, [346].
• Henry, [392], [399].
• Henry VII, grants patent to Cabots, [3].
• Henson, Matthew, [457], [459], [463].
• Hepburn, John, [83], [123].
• Herald, voyage of, [95], [149].
• Hobson, Lieutenant, makes search for Franklin relics, [186], [197].
• Hood, Robert, [82], [84];
• death, [89].
• Hope, [464].
• Hoppner, Lieutenant, [51].
• Horgaard, Lieutenant, [304], [370].
• Hubbard, General Thomas H., [468].
• Hudson, Henry, early voyages, [19];
• last voyage, [20].
• Hyde, Frederick E., [464].
• Icy Cape, headland of Alaska, seen by Barentz, [16].
• Iron Mountains, [460].
• Isabel, in command of Captain Inglefield, R. N., [143-147];
• in command of Mr. Kennedy, [148].
• Isabella, under Ross and Parry, [30].
• Isachsen, Lieutenant Ingvald, [436], [439], [442].
• Isbjorn, in command of Lieutenant Weyprecht, [286].
• Island of Cape Breton, seen by Cabots, [3].
• Israel, [392].
• Iversen, [360].
• Jackman, Charles, [9].
• Jackson, Frederick G., [416].
• Jackson, J. P., [364].
• Jason, [425].
• Jeannette, in command of Captain De Long, [345];
• beset, [347];
• is sunk, [351];
• relics found, [409].
• Jeannette expedition, [345-368].
• Jens, Eskimo, [372].
• Jensen, Heir Dongaad, [451].
• Jesup, Morris K., [464].
• Jewell, [393].
• Johannsen, Captain, circumnavigates Nova Zembla, [268].
• Johannesen, Frederick, [410], [413], [415].
• Juanita, [346].
• Kamchatka, [22].
• Kane, Dr. Elisha Kent, U. S. N., [105];
• describes escape from Wellington Channel, [113];
• new lands, [115];
• death, [234].
• Kann, Dr. Leopold, [466].
• Keemsdirk, Jacob, [16].
• Kellett, Captain Henry, [95].
• Kelley, Captain of the bark Dawn, [346].
• Kennedy, Captain in command of Prince Albert, [123-129];
• journey to Fury Beach, [138];
• discovers Bellot Strait, [140].
• King Alfred, [2].
• King, Dr. Richard, [67], [72].
• Kite, voyages of, [457], [458], [464].
• Kjellman, F. R., [304].
• Koldewey, Captain Karl, in command of Germania, [269], [271], [281], [284].
• Kolomiezoff, Lieutenant, [418].
• Koltschak, Lieutenant, [418-420].
• Lady Franklin, in command of Mr. Penny, [103];
• in command of Inglefield, [148].
• Lady Franklin Bay expedition, [371-400].
• Lanford, Captain, in command of Polephemus, [80].
• Lerner, Theodor, [424].
• Libbey, Professor William, [460].
• Linstrom, Adolf, [450].
• Lockwood, Lieutenant J. B., [372];
• highest north, [376], [386];
• death, [393].
• Lok, Michael, patron of Frobisher, [8].
• Long, Captain Thomas, [268].
• Long, Sergeant, [391], [394], [398], [400].
• Lord Wellington, Hudson Bay Company trader, [45].
• Lowe, Chief Engineer, U. S. N., [398].
• Lund, Auto, [450].
• Lynn, [388-390].
• Lyon, Lieutenant, [44], [48];
• in command of Griper, [59].
• Lyons, Admiral, [454].
• Lytzen, [409].
• Machuron, Alexis, [423].
• Mackenzie, [28].
• M’Clintock, explores coast line of Boothia Peninsula, [100];
• sledge journey of 1851, [121];
• in command of Fox, [186];
• finds relics of Franklin’s expedition, [190-198].
• McClure, Commander, [103];
• accomplishes Northwest Passage, [148-168].
• McLeod, employee of Hudson Bay Company, accompanies Captain Back, [68].
• Maigaard, Christian, [456].
• Marian, rescues the Kane party, [231].
• Markham, Commander Albert H., second in command of the British expedition of 1875, [311];
• visits Life-boat Cove, [313];
• autumn sledge journey, [315];
• Markham’s farthest, [321].
• Marvin, Professor Ross G., [473].
• Mathew, voyage of, [3].
• Melville, George W. (Rear Admiral United States Navy), Engineer of the Jeannette, [346], [348], [350];
• abandonment of the Jeannette, [351];
• in command of whale boat, [353];
• reaches mouth of Lena River, [358];
• meets natives, [359];
• Nindemann and Noros, [362];
• winter search for De Long, [363];
• spring search, [364-368];
• to the relief of Greely, [399-400].
• Melville, Right Honourable Viscount, [52].
• “Meta Incognita,” discovered by Frobisher, [8];
• mentioned by Hall, [244].
• Meyer, Sergeant F., Signal Corps, U. S. A., with Polaris expedition, makes record, [256].
• Michael, sails in company with the Gabriel, under command of Frobisher, [8].
• Michaelmas Bay, so named by Hudson, [19].
• Milne, Captain, [451].
• Molinelli, Dr. Achille C., [426], [427], [428].
• Moore, Captain, in command of Plover, [95].
• Movements of Captain Austin’s squadron in spring of 1851, [121].
• Murdock, sailing master, first Grinnell expedition, [105].
• Muscovy Company, established by merchants of London, [4].
• Nahorst, Dr. A. G., [422], [424].
• Nancy Dawson, [96].
• Nansen, F., [401];
• first crossing of Greenland, [403-408];
• plans North Polar voyage, [409];
• adrift in the pack, [411];
• leaves the Fram, [412];
• highest north, [413];
• the retreat, [414];
• winter on Franz Joseph Land, [415];
• meeting with Jackson, [416], [426], [436].
• Nares, Captain George S., in command of the British expedition of 1875, [311];
• visits Lifeboat Cove, [313];
• winters Floe-berg Beach, [315];
• organizes sledging parties, [321];
• to the relief of Markham, [324].
• Nautilus, [44].
• Nelson, hero of Trafalgar, [27], [28].
• Neptune, [379], [380], [384].
• Newcomb, Raymond L., [346].
• New York Herald, [345], [364], [470].
• Nindemann, Seaman Wm. F. C., [346], [348], [350];
• forced march, [360];
• meets Melville, [362];
• assists in search for De Long, [364], [366], [368].
• Nordenskjöld, Baron A. E. von, first voyage, Spitzbergen, [299];
• subsequent journeys, [300];
• journey of 1875, [302];
• voyage in the Vega, [304-308];
• return of Vega, [309].
• Nordenskjöld, the, [371].
• Norman, [397].
• Noros, L. P., [359], [361], [362], [364].
• North Cape, [2].
• North Star, [99];
• winters in Wolstenholme Sound, [103-104];
• attached to Sir Edward Belcher’s squadron, [140], [144], [169], [179].
• Nova Scotia, supposed to be land first seen by Cabots, [3].
• Ohlsen, accompanies second Grinnell expedition, [202], [204], [207], [213], [216];
• death of, [229].
• Ommaney, Captain, in command of Assistance, [104];
• leaves record at Cape Riley, [109].
• Onkle Adam, convoy, [300].
• Ornen, balloon, [422].
• Osborne, Sherard, in command of Pioneer, [104];
• describes examination of Beechey Island, finds relics of Erebus and Terror, [111].
• Other, early adventurer, [2].
• Otter, Count T. W. von, in command of Sofia, [299].
• Palander, Lieutenant, [300];
• commander of the Vega, [304].
• Palliser, navigates Sea of Kara, [268].
• Pandora, voyage of, [327-330];
• second voyage, [332-334].
• Parker, landed provisions for Franklin at Cape Hay, [103].
• Parr, Lieutenant, [315], [323].
• Parry, Lieutenant W. E., [29];
• second voyage, [41];
• passes 110° W., wins reward, [42];
• discovers Parry Islands, [43];
• third voyage, [44-51];
• North Polar voyage, [52].
• Paulsen, A., [370].
• Pavy, Dr. D., [372];
• sledge journey, [273], [392], [393].
• Payer, Lieutenant Julius, of the second German expedition, journey of, [283];
• Austro-Hungarian expedition, [287];
• sledge journey, [291];
• farthest, [296];
• return, [297].
• Peary, Mrs., [457], [459].
• Peary, Robert Edwin, early life, [455];
• first journey, [456];
• subsequent journeys, [457];
• explores Greenland ice cap, [458];
• summary of second voyage, [459];
• journey of 1893, second journey across Greenland ice cap, [460];
• summer voyages, [464];
• secures the famous meteorite, [464];
• first attempt to reach Pole, [464];
• work at Fort Conger, [465];
• record of 1899, [466];
• record 1902, [467];
• record 1906, [468];
• announcement of discovery of the Pole, [471];
• summary of the North Polar Expedition of Peary Arctic Club, [472].
• Peary Arctic Club, [464], [467], [468], [472].
• Peder, [442].
• Pendulum Islands, discovered by Clavering, [280].
• Penny, Captain, of whaling ship Advice, [103].
• Pet, Arthur, voyage of, [9].
• Peterman, Dr. A., promotes first German expedition, [268].
• Peters, William J., [432].
• Petersen, [316];
• death, [320].
• Phipps expedition, [27-28].
• Phœnix, in command of Inglefield, [148].
• Pim, Lieutenant, [167].
• Pioneer, in command of Sherard Osborne, [141].
• Plover, in command of Captain Moore, [95], [96], [149].
• Polaris, under Captain Hall, [254];
• under Captain Buddington, [256];
• wreck of, [259];
• separation of crew, [261].
• Polephemus, [80].
• Polhem, in command of Lieutenant Palander, [300].
• Porden, Anne, first wife of Sir John Franklin, [81], [90].
• Porpoise, [80].
• “Prima Terra Vesta,” mainland of North America, so named by Cabots, [3].
• Prince Albert, in command of Captain Forsyth, [104-106];
• in command of Kennedy, [123], [140].
• Prince of Wales, trader, [45], [82], [94].
• Privy Purse expenses for purchase of Newfoundland, [3].
• Proteus, conveys the Lady Franklin Bay expedition to Fort Conger, [371];
• to the relief, [381];
• sunk, [384], [387], [397].
• Pullen, Lieutenant, [96].
• Pytheas, early adventurer, [2].
• Queen Elizabeth’s Foreland, discovered by Frobisher, [8].
• Querini, T., [426], [428].
• Racehorse, in command of Phipps, [27].
• Rae, Dr. John, overland journey, [75-78];
• search for Franklin, [141];
• finds traces, [184].
• Ragnvald Jarl, [424].
• Rainbow, in command of Sir John Franklin, [92].
• Raleigh, Sir Walter, [10].
• Rasmussen, Knut, [451].
• Rattlesnake, under Commander Trollope, [148].
• Ravna, the Lapp, [403].
• Rawson, Lieutenant, [315], [318], [325], [326].
• Ray, Lieutenant, [370].
• Red Cliff House, [457].
• Reid, [122].
• Release, in command of Lieutenant Hartstein, sent to relief of Dr. Kane, [232].
• Resolute, in command of Captain H. T. Austin, [104];
• under Captain Kellett, [141];
• story of the, [180].
• Retribution, [182].
• Rice, Sergeant, [373], [388];
• death, [393].
• Rink, Dr. H., [409].
• Ristvedt, [452].
• Robinson, Lieutenant, reaches Cresswell Bay, [101], [130].
• Rogers, burned, [368].
• Roosevelt, [467], [469].
• Roosevelt, Theodore, [464].
• Ross, Captain John, first voyage, [29-32];
• second voyage, [61-67];
• search for Sir John Franklin, [123].
• Ross, James Clark, discovers North Magnetic Pole, [63];
• in command of Enterprise and Investigator, in search for Sir John Franklin, [95].
• Ryder, Lieutenant, [437].
• Sabine, takes observations on Pendulum Islands, [58].
• Sacheuse, John, Eskimo, [30].
• St. Peter, [24].
• Sarya, [418-421].
• Schalaroff, [25].
• Schei, [442].
• Schileiko, Lieutenant, [418].
• Schley, Winfield Scott (Rear Admiral, United States Navy), [382], [395], [400].
• Schuetze, W. H., [364-368].
• Schwatka, Lieutenant Frederick, land journey, [334];
• finds Franklin relics, [339];
• finds M’Clintock record, [340];
• the return, [340].
• Scoresby, [57].
• Scott-Hansen, Lieutenant Sigurd, [410].
• Sea Breeze, American whale bark, [346].
• Search-thrift in command of Stephen Burrough, [6].
• Seeberg, [421].
• Sheldon, Robert, [96].
• Simmons, Herman Georg, [436].
• Simpson and Dease, [73-75].
• Slaradoubzov, Sawa, [24].
• Snellen, Dr., [370].
• Smith, Leigh, [302].
• Snow, W. P., [104], [106], [108].
• Sofia, in command of Count F. W. von Otter, [299];
• high northing, [300].
• “Somerset House,” [65].
• Sonntag, [206];
• death, [236].
• Sophia, in command of Penny, [103].
• Speckman, Sergeant, [49].
• Squirrel, [10-12].
• Stadling, J., [424].
• Steen, Aksel, S., [370].
• Stein, Dr. Robert, [466].
• Stella Polare, in command of the Duke of the Abruzzi, [426-430].
• Stephenson, George, [229].
• Stewart, Marshall J., [122].
• Strindberg, [422].
• Sutherland, Dr., [122].
• Svendsen, Dr. Johan, [438].
• Sverdrup, Otto, [403-408];
• Captain of the Fram, [410-412];
• second voyage in command of Fram, [435];
• sledge journey, [441], [443], [447], [449].
• Swallow, [10-12].
• Talbot, [179].
• Tchitschagof, Admiral, attempts to round Spitzbergen in 1764, [25].
• Tegetthoff, Austro-Hungarian expedition, [286-297], [368].
• Terra Nova, [434].
• Terror, in command of Captain Back, [73];
• in command of Sir John Franklin, [93].
• Lord Wellington, the, trader, [45].
• Thetis, voyage of, [395-400].
• Thyra, [403].
• Tigress, in command of Captain Bartlett, [266], [346].
• Toll, Baron E. von, [417], [421].
• Torell, Otto, geologist, [298].
• Trana, Kristian, [403].
• Trollope, Commander, [148].
• Tschirikov, Captain, [22].
• Tyson, Captain George, [255];
• adrift on ice-floe, [262];
• rescue, [266].
• Valorous, [311], [312].
• Varna, [370].
• Veer, Gerard de, [16].
• Vega, voyage of, [303-309], [346].
• Verhoeff, John M., [457].
• Victory, in command of Captain John Ross, [61];
• abandoned, [64].
• Victory, [183].
• Viking, [402].
• Vincent, Dr. Edward E., [459].
• Walter, Dr., [420].
• Wardhuys, [5].
• Warmbath, Samuel, [466].
• Waxall, [24].
• Wellman, Walter, [424-425].
• Weyprecht, Lieutenant Karl, sails in Isbjorn, [286];
• in command of Austro-Hungarian expedition, [287-297], [368].
• Wildes, Commander Frank, [381], [383].
• Willoughby, Sir Hugh, [5].
• Windward, [416], [465], [466].
• Wohlgemuth, Lieutenant, [370].
• Wolstenholme, Sir John, [19].
• Wrangell, Admiral von, [25-27].
• Wulfstan, early adventurer, [2].
• Yantic, voyage of, [381-384].
• Ymer, [303].
• Young, Allen, voyage in the Fox, [186];
• sledge journey, [198];
• voyage in Pandora, [327-331];
• second voyage in Pandora, [332-334].
• Zeno, Niccolò, [8].
• Zichnmi, [8].
• Ziegler, William, [430-432].

By AGNES C. LAUT