C calendar, [62], [86]. See also [seasons] canals, [53], [66] Cappadocia, [133] Carchemish, [36] Chagar Bazar, [36] Cilicia, [36] cities: Egyptian, insignificance of, [97]; Mesopotamian, basis of rulers’ power, [98]; economic organization of, [64] ff; particularism, [88]; political institutions, [77] ff.; ruled by deity, [54], [61]; rural connections of, [61] civilization, genesis of, [2] ff. climate, [26], [51] f., [68], [69] Collingwood, R. G., [15] f. common land, [65] copper, [40] f., [45], [75], [100] corvée, [65], [76 n.] 27, [80], [108], [109] craftsmen, [67], [73], [110], [111] Crocodilopolis, [116] crops, [29], [68], [113]-14 cylinder seals, [58]-59, [60] and [n.], [83], [97], [122] Cyrus the Persian, [89]
D dictatorship, [78] f. Djet, Stele of, [129], [132] drainage, [34], [113] dress, Sumerian, [75] f. dynamics of civilizations, [3], [12], [13]
E Egypt: compared with Mesopotamia, [49]; early conditions, [37] f.; foreign contacts of, [39] f.; formative period, [51]; ideal of society in, [23]-24; Mesopotamian influence in, [122] ff.; time of, [135]-36; predynastic culture phases, [39]; rural life in, [104], [105], [106] f.; sickles, [29]; Spengler’s idea of, [9] f.; Toynbee’s, [18] f., [22]-23; unification of, [90] f. Elam, [67], [74] Elamites, [88] Enki, [47] Enlil, [56], [63], [88] ensi, “governor,” functions, [79]-80; equality of Mesopotamian citizens, [77] [Erech], [54], [55] f., [60], [p 78 n.], [124] [Eridu] (Abu Shahrein), [47], [128] exchequer, Egyptian, [100], [101], [118]
F Fayum, [30], [94] festivals, [62] First Dynasty (Egyptian), [30], [95], [113], [122]-23, [126], [127], [128], [130], [136]-37 First Intermediate period, [39], [111], [119] fish, fishing, [47], [68], [112] floods of Tigris, [53]. See also [Nile flood] “forms” of civilization, [3], [7], [25], [49], [94] Fourth Dynasty, [99] frankincense, [118], [137]
G [Gebel el Arak], knife-handle from, [92], [124], [134] Gerzean period, [40] f., [122], [136], [137] Gizeh, workmen’s barracks at, [108] gods: chthonic, [57]; of waters, [47]; man created to serve, [63]; Pharaoh regarded as a, [54], [129]; rulers of Mesopotamian cities, [54], [57] “gold” reward of merit, [111] Guti, [88]
H Hadendoa tribe, [33] Hassuna, [30], [36] Herodotus, [8], [137] hieroglyphs, [131] history, idea of progress in, [15] f.; theories of, [4] ff.; distinction between prehistory and, [26] f. Hittites, [88] [houses], Mesopotamian, [75] hunting, [38], [112] Hyksos, [18], [19]
I Inanna, temple of, [55] inventions, neolithic, [35] f. Iraq, [30] irrigation, [31] ff., [34], [49]
J Jamdat Nasr, Late Protoliterate, formerly called, [132] Jericho, [36]
K Kassites, [88] Khafajah, [67 n.], [75], [84] king-figure in art, [p 78 n.], [124] kingship, [78], [79], [86] and [n.], [93], [94] f., [98], [120] Kish, [75] knife-handles, [92]. See also [Gebel el Arak] Koptos, [137]
L labour corps, housing of, [108] Lagash, [68], [79], [81] Lahun, workmen’s town at, [109] land of Mesopotamian cities, division and cultivation, [64] f. language: Akkadian, [52], [83]; Egyptian, Hamitic elements in, [39], [40] f.; Sumerian, [51] f. law, [86]; Pharaoh fount of, [99] [Lebanon], timber from, [96], [118] Libya, [28], [97] lugal, “great man,” “king,” [78] f., [79] Lugalzaggesi, [83] luxuries, trade in, [37]