M Maat, [104], [107] Marduk, [63] [Mari], [84] markets, [117] Memphis, [94] “Memphis Theology,” [94] f. Menes, [90], [91], [94], [95] f., [113] merchants, [67], [74] f., [118] Mersin, [36], [126] Mesopotamia; prehistoric, [42] f.; southern, [44], [45] f.; cities of, [Chapter III] passim; compared with Egypt, [50] ff.; formative age of, [51]; influence in Egypt, [121] ff.; invasions of, [89] Methen, career of, [101], [103 n.] Min, statues of, [137] money, absence of, [72], [115] “mountain,” religious significance of, [56] f.
N Naqada, [122] Naramsin, [85], [87] Narmer, [90], [96]; palette of, [91], [92] f., [96], [125] Natufians, [30], [31], [32], [35], [36] Nekhbet, [95] Nesutnefer, [102] f. New Stone Age, inventions, [35] New Year’s festival, [57], [62] nigenna-land, common, [65], [76] [Nile flood], [38], [108], [113] Nineveh, [36] nomarchs, [101], [113] nubanda, [65], [66], [72], [79], [80] Nubia, [97], [102], [118], [126]
O oath by name of king, [86] officials, [69], [99] ff.; ideal, [103]; oppression by, [81], [104], [115] Old Stone Age, [28], [29], [30]. See also [palaeolithic] oligarchy, [77] ornaments, [74]-75 Osiris, [18]
P [palaeolithic] remains, express religious concepts, [27] f. Palestine, wild grains in, [29]; early relations with Egypt, [39], [40], [96] palettes, votive: Hunter’s, [93], [126]-27, [129]; Narmer’s, [90] ff., [96], [125] Panehsi, [107] peasant life, [104] Persia, [42], [43], [68], [84] Pharaoh, position and functions, [24], [54], [91], [93], [98], [119]-20, [129] “planned society” in Sumerian cities, [64], [73] ploughing, [71], [72] pottery: earliest, [35]; in Egypt, [40]; Mesopotamian, [43]; Tell Halaf, [43 n.], [46] prehistory, distinction between history and, [26]; of ancient Near East, [27]-48 private enterprise, property, [74], [76], [115] progress in history, [15] f. Protoliterate period, [52]; age of expansion, [132]; seals of, in Egypt, [122]; temples of, [54]; influence Egyptian technique, [97], [125] ff. pyramids, [108]
Q Qau el Kebir, [110]
R Ras Shamra, [36] rations, [66], [76 n.], [112] raw materials, [100], [118]-19 [recessed buildings], [55], [127] f., [133 n.] Red Sea, [136]-37 [reed structures], [45], [60] rekhyt-birds, [90], [93] religion, palaeolithic, [27] f.; early Mesopotamian, [62]-63 f., [89] rents, in kind or silver, [65]
S Samarra, [42] sangu, [65], [72], [79], [80] Sargon of Akkad, [82] f., [85] ff. Scorpion king, [90], [96]; macehead of, [129] seals, cylinder, [58], [59], [60] and [n.], [122]; stamp, [122] f. [seasons], [113] Semerkhet, [96] Seneb, [111] f. serfdom in Egypt, [108], [109]-10 Seti, [102] ships, [124]. See also [boats] Sialk, [30], [36], [133] sickles, toothed, [30] f.; clay, [46] f. Sinai, [40], [96], [97], [118] slaves, [66], [68], [110] Snefru, [23], [119] socialism, Sumerian theocratic, [73] soldiers, [69] specialization, [69] Spengler, O., views discussed, [4]-12, [17]-18 stock-breeding, [35], [116]-17 Sumer, [48], [84], [97], [136], [137] Sumerians, [51 n.], [57], [69], [88] Susa, [133] Syria, contacts with Egypt, [96], [97], [117], [136]
T Tasian culture, [39] taxes, [100], [104], [112], [114]-15 Tell Asmar (Eshunna), [88] Tell el Amarna, workmen’s village at, [109] Tell Halaf, [36]; pottery, [44 n.], [46] Tell Uqair, [55], [60] [temples]: of Al Ubaid period, [47]-48, [54], [128]; Protoliterate, [54]; their influence in Egypt, [97], [127] ff.; accounts kept by, [71] ff.; civic importance, [57]; earliest writing in, [57], [58]; economic units, [50], [54], [64] ff.; magazines, [67] f. See also [Assur], [Brak], [Erech], [Mari] Tepe Gawra, [46], [128] Thebes, [98], [118] Theocracy, [54] This, [90], [95] Tigris, [43], [45], [53]; and Euphrates, cultural continuum along, [84] toilet sets, copper and gold, [75] tools, [67] towers, [129], [132], [133 n.] See also [ziggurat] Toynbee, A., views discussed, [2], [4], [10], [12]-23 trade, [74], [117], [133] trade routes, defence of, [87] f. Treasurer of Pharaoh, [100], [101], [102] Troy, [84] “Two Lands, The,” 95
U Umma, [79], [82] Uni, [107] Ur, [43], [55], [75]; Third Dynasty of, [88] urban-rural contrast, found in early times, [62] Urukagina, reforms of, [81], [82] Uru-lal-land, [65], [74]
V vizierate in Egypt, [99]