For the independence of the communes, see Fauriel’s edition of William of Tudela, Introd. pp. lv. sq., and Mazure et Hatoulet, Fors de Béarn, p. xliii.
[52] Jonæ. Aureliens. de Cultu Imaginum.—Petri Venerab. Tract. contra Petrobrusianos.—P. Abælardi Introd. ad Theolog. Lib. II. cap. 4.—Alphonsi a Castro adv. Hæreses Lib. III. p. 163 (Ed. 1571).—Fisquet, La France Pontificale, Embrun, p. 848.
[53] S. Bernardi Epistt. 241, 242.—Gesta Pontif. Cenomanens. (D. Bouquet T. XII. pp. 547-551, 554).—Hildebert. Cenoman. Epistt. 23, 24.—S. Bernardi Vit. Prim. Lib. III. cap. 6; Lib. VII. p. iii. ad calcem; Lib. VII. cap. 17.—Guill. de Podio-Laurent. cap. 1.—Alberic. Trium Font. Chron. ann. 1148.
[54] Matt. Paris. Hist. Angl. ann. 1151.—S. Bernardi Epist. 472.—Hereberti Monachi Epist. (D. Bouquet. XII. 550-551).
[55] S. Bernardi Epistt. 189, 195, 196, 243, 244.—Gualt. Mapes de Nugis Curialium Dist. I. cap. xxiv.—Otton. Frisingens. de Gestis Frid. I. Lib. I. cap. 27; Lib. II. cap. 20.—Harduin. Concil. VI. ii. 1224.—Martene Ampliss. Collect. II. 554-558.—Guntheri Ligurin. Lib. III. 262-348.—Gerhohi Reichersperg. de Investigat. Antichristi I.—Baronii Annal. ann. 1148, No. 38.—Jaffé Regesta, No. 6445.—Vit. Adriani PP. III. (Muratori III. 441, 442).—Sächsische Weltchronik, No. 301.—Cantù, Eretici d’Italia, I. 61-63.—Tocco, L’Eresia nel Medio Evo, pp. 242, 243.—Comba, La Riforma in Italia, I. 193, 194.—Bonghi, Arnaldo da Brescia, Città di Castello, 1885.
[56] Lucii PP. III. Epist. 171.—Bonacursi Vit. Hæreticor. (D’Achery T.I. 214, 215).—Constit. General. Frid. II. ann. 1220 § 5.—Ejusd. Constit. Ravennat. ann. 1232.—Conrad. Urspergens. ann. 1210.—Pauli Æmilii de Rebus. Gest. Fran. Lib. VI. p. 316 (Ed. 1569).—Nicolai PP. III. Bull. Noverit Universitas, 5 Mart. 1280.—Julii PP. II. Bull Consueverunt, 1 Mart. 1511.—Innocent. PP. III. Regest. II. 228.—Joann. Andreæ Gloss. super cap. Excommunicamus (Eymerici Direct. Inquisit. p. 182). The name of the Poor Men of Lyons was likewise forgotten, for Andreas’s only remark with respect to them is that poverty is not a crime in itself.
The differences between the Italian and French Waldenses are set forth in a very interesting letter from the former to the German brethren, subsequently to a conference held at Bergamo in 1218. This was discovered about twelve years ago by Wilhelm Preger in a MS. of the Royal Library of Munich, and is printed in his Beiträge zur Geschichte der Waldesier im Mittelalter, 1875.
[57] Chron. Canon. Laudunens. ann. 1173 (Bouquet XIII. 680).—Steph. de Borbone s. Bellavilla Lib. de Sept. Donis Spiritus, P. IV. Tit. vii. cap. 3 (D’Argentré Coll. Judicior. de Nov. Error. I. i. 85 sqq.)—Richard. Cluniacens. Vit. Alex. PP. III. (Muratori III. 447).—David Augustens. Tract. de Paup. de Lugd. (Martene Thesaur. V. 1778).—Monetæ adv. Cath. et Waldens. Lib. v. cap. 1 § 4.—Pet. Sarnens. cap. 2.—Passaviens. Anon. ap. Gretser (Mag. Bib. Pat. Ed. 1618, T. XIII. p. 300).—Petri de Pilichdorf contr. Hæres. Waldens. cap. 1.—Pegnæ Comment. 39 in Eymerici Direct. Inquis. p. 280.
The pretension of the Waldenses to descend from the primitive Church through the Leonistæ and Claudius of Turin is, I believe, now generally abandoned. See Edouard Montet, Histoire Litt. des Vaudois, Paris, 1885, pp. 32, 33; Prof. Emilio Comba, in the Rivista Christiana, Giugno, 1882, pp. 200-206, and his Riforma in Italia, I. 233 sqq.—Bernard Gui, in his Practica, P. v. (MSS. Bib. Nat. Coll. Doat. T. XXX. fol. 185 sqq.), following Richard of Cluny and Stephen of Bourbon, places the rise of Peter Waldo about 1170, and the Canon of Laon gives the date of 1173.
The time and place of Peter Waldo’s death are unknown. His French disciples affectionately revered his memory and that of his assistant Vivet, to the extent of asserting, as a point of belief, that they were in Paradise with God; the Lombard branch, however, would only prudently admit that they might be saved if they had satisfied God before death; both sides were obstinate, and at the Conference of Bergamo, in 1218, this promised to make a schism (Rescript. Paup. Lombard. 15.—W. Preger, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Waldesier, pp. 58, 59).