Laws, characteristics of, at certain periods i. 297;
study of the civil law, iii. [414];
fame of the Bolognese school, [415];
necessity for legal knowledge in mediæval magistrates, [416];
unpopularity of the Roman law in England, [417];
neglect of the elder civilians, [418], [419] and [note] x.
See [Justice].
Learning, causes of the decline of, iii. [270];
neglect of pagan literature by the early Christians, [273];
blighting influence of superstition and asceticism, [274];
corruption of the Latin tongue, [275];
rules observed in its pronunciation, [276-278];
errors of the populace, [278];
changes wrought by the Italians and French, [279], [280];
neglect of quantity, [281];
specimens of verses by St. Augustin and others, [282-284] [notes];
change of Latin into Romance, [283];
Italian corruptions of the Latin, [285];
effect of the disuse of Latin, [286];
ignorance of various sovereigns, ib. [notes];
extent of Charlemagne's and Alfred's learning, [286] and [note] f;
ignorance of the clergy, [287], [288], and [notes];
scarcity of books, [289] and [note] p;
erasure of manuscripts, [289];
lack of eminent learned men, ib.;
John Scotus and Silvester II., [290] and [note] r;
preservative effects of religion on the Latin tongue, [291-293];
non-existence of libraries, [292] [note];
prevalence of superstitions, [293-295];
revival of literature, [413];
study of civil law, [414-419];
establishment of public schools, [419];
Abelard and the university of Paris, [420], [421];
Oxford university and its founders, [422], [423], and [notes];
rapid increase of universities, [423-425];
causes of their celebrity, [425];
spread of the scholastic philosophy, [426];
its eminent disputants, [427];
influence of Aristotle and of the church, [429], [430];
unprofitableness of the scholastic discussions, [430], [431];
labours of Roger Bacon and Albertus Magnus, [432] and [note] s, [433];
cultivation of the new languages, [433];
the troubadours and their productions, [434-436];
origin of the French language, [436];
early French compositions, [437], [438];
Norman tales and romances, [439];
the Roman de la Rose, [440];
French prose writings, [441], [442] and [notes];
formation of the Spanish language: the Cid, [442], [443], and [notes];
rapid growth of the Italian language, [443], [444];
excuses of Italians for writing in French, [445] [note] z;
Dante and his Divine Comedy, [445-449];
Petrarch and his writings, [449-452];
dawn of the English tongue, [452];
Layamon's Brut, [453] and [note] k;
Robert of Gloucester and other metrical writers, [453];
merit of Piers Plowman's Vision, [454];
cause of the slow progress of the English language, ib.;
earliest compositions in English, [455];
pre-eminence of Chaucer, [456];
revival of classical learning, [457];
eminent cultivators thereof, [458];
invention of paper, [459];
transcribers and booksellers, ib. [note] x;
rarity and dearness of books, [460];
recovery of classical manuscripts, [461];
eminent labourers in this field, [462], [463];
revival of the study of Greek, [465], [466];
state of learning in Greece, [466];
services rendered by the mediæval Greeks, [467-469] and [notes];
opposition to the study of Greek at Oxford, [470];
fame due to Eton and Winchester schools, ib.;
invention of printing, [471];
first books issued from the press, ib.;
first printing presses in Italy, [472];
elucidatory note on the state of learning in the dark ages, [474-476];
Dr. Maitland's views thereon, [476-479];
earliest use of the English language in public documents, [484-486].
Legislation under the early French kings, i. 212;
the "Champ de Mars" or Field of March, 213, 214;
participation of the people in legislative proceedings, 214, 333-336;
Charlemagne's legislative assemblies, 215;
cessation of national assemblies, 218;
assemblies of the barons, 219;
the cours plénières, 220;
limitation of the king's power, 221;
substitutes for legislative authority, ib.;
ecclesiastical councils and their encroachments, 222;
general legislation, when first practised, ib.;
increase of the legislative power of the crown, and its causes, 223, 224;
convocation of the States-General, 224;
constitution of the Saxon witenagemot, ii. 279;
Anglo-Norman legislation, 322, 323 and note;
prerogatives of the crown, 410;
custom of the Anglo-Saxon kings, 412.
See [Justice], [Parliament], [States-General].
Leo the Great deposes Hilary, ii. 161 note p.
Leo III. invests Charlemagne with the imperial insignia, i. 11;
his design of marrying Charlemagne to Irene, 122;
Charlemagne's authority over him, ii. 182.
Leo VIII. confers on the emperor the right of nominating popes, ii. 182 and note x.
Leo IX. leads his army in person, i. 363;
devotion of his conquerors towards him, 363, 364.
See [Papal Power].
Leon, foundation of the kingdom of, ii. 3;
its king killed in battle, 4;
its union with Castile, 9.
Leopold of Austria defeated by the Swiss, ii. 109.
Libraries in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, iii. [460], [461], and [notes].