Palaces (royal), why excluded from Lombard cities, i. 370.
Palermo, foundation of silk manufacture in, iii. [331].
Palestine, commercial value of the settlements in, iii. [329].
See [Crusades].
Pandects, discovery of the, iii. [415].
Papal power, first germ of the, ii. 158, 159;
preceded by the patriarchate, 160;
character of Gregory I., 161;
his wary proceedings, 162 and notes;
convocation of the synod of Frankfort by Boniface, 165, 166 and notes;
effect produced by the False Decretals, 166, 167 and notes, 221;
papal encroachments on the hierarchy, 167;
exemption of monasteries from episcopal control, 168 and note f;
kings compelled to succumb to papal supremacy, 169;
origin of excommunications, 170;
helpless position of excommunicated persons, 171;
interdicts and their disastrous consequences, 172;
further interference with regal rights by the popes, ib.;
scandalous state of the papacy in the tenth century, 174;
Leo IX.'s reformatory efforts, 177;
prerogatives of the emperors relative to papal elections, 182;
innovations of pope Nicolas II., 183;
election and death of Alexander II., 184;
career of Gregory VII. [see [Gregory VII].];
contests of his successors with Henry IV. and V. of Germany, 188;
Calixtus II. and the concordat of Worms, ib.;
papal opposition to investitures, 181, 188, 189 and notes;
abrogation of ecclesiastical independence, 193;
papal legates and their functions, 194;
Alexander III. and Thomas à Becket, 195;
career of Innocent III. [see [Innocent III].];
height of the papal power in the 13th century, 202;
promulgation of the canon law, 203;
its analogy to the Justinian code, 204 and notes;
establishment of the mendicant friars, 205;
dispensations of marriage, 208 and notes;
dispensations from oaths, 210;
encroachments on episcopal elections, 211;
and on rights of patronage, 212;
mandats and their abuse, ib.;
the Pragmatic Sanction, 214 and note;
pretexts for taxing the clergy, 215, 216;
clerical disaffection towards the popes, 218;
progress of ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 219-221;
opposition thereto by England, 223 and notes;
faint opposition of France, 225;
career of Boniface VIII. [see [Boniface VIII].];
decline of the papacy, 232;
removal of the papal court to Avignon, 233;
its contests with Louis of Bavaria, 234;
growing resistance to the popes, 236;
rapacity of the Avignon popes, 237;
participation of the French kings in the plunder, 238;
independent conduct of England, ib. and notes;
return of the popes to Rome, 240;
contest between Urban VI. and Clement VII., ib.;
the two papal courts, 242;
three contemporary popes, ib.;
proceedings at the councils of Pisa, Constance, and Basle, 243 [see [Councils]];
reflections pertinent thereto, 248-251;
effects of the concordat of Aschaffenburg, 253;
papal encroachments in Castile, 254;
restraints thereon in France, 254-256;
further limits on ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 257-259 and notes;
decline of papal influence in Italy, and its causes, 259;
despicable nature of later Interdicts, 260 note.
See [Church], [Clergy], [Monasteries].
Paper from linen, when invented, iii. [459] and [note] y.
Paris, seditions at, i. 66;
defeat and harsh treatment of its citizens, 67 and notes;
their fear of the Normans, 134;
population of the city in early times, iii. [224];
See [Parliament of Paris].
Parishes, origin, of, ii. 144 and note r;
their slow growth, 145.
Parliament of England, constituent elements of the, iii. [4];
right by which the spiritual peers sit, [4], [5], [122];
earls and barons, [5], [6];
theories of Selden and Madox, [6-9];
tenants in chief in parliament, [10], [11];
first germ of representation, [11], [12] and [note] a;
county representation, [12];
parliaments of Henry III., [13], [14] and [notes];
knights of the shire, how elected, [15-19];
first summoning of towns to parliament, [27] and [note] s;
question of an earlier date discussed, [28-30] and [notes];
the parliament of Acton Burnell, [31] [note] e;
the Barnstaple petition, [32];
cause of summoning deputies from boroughs, [35-37];
division of parliament into two houses, [37];
proper business of the house of commons, [38];
complaint of the commons in 1309, [40];
rights established by them, [42];
their struggle with the king relative to taxation, [42-47];
concurrence of both houses in legislation made necessary, [48];
distinction between statutes and ordinances, [49-52];
interference of parliament in matters of war and peace, [53], [54];
right to inquire into public abuses, [54];
increase of the power of the commons under Richard II., [58];
their protests against lavish expenditure, [59-61];
success of their demands for accounts, [61];
boldness of their remonstrances, [62-64];
they aid the duke of Lancaster, [65] [note] t;
their charges against the earl of Suffolk, [67], [68];
submission of Richard to their demands, [69-71];
they come to an understanding with him, [73], [74];
they fall under his displeasure, [75];
servility of their submission, [76-78];
necessity for deposing Richard, [80];
cautious proceedings of parliament thereupon, [82], [83];
rights acquired by the commons during his reign, [83];
their constitutional advances under the house of Lancaster, [84];
their exclusive right of taxation, [84-86];
their right of granting and controlling supplies, [86];
and to make same depend in redress of grievances, [86], [87];
establishment of their legislative rights, [87-88];
falsification of their intentions how accomplished, [88-90];
their first petition in English, [90];
introduction of bills, public and private, [91], [92];
legislative divisions of king, lords, and commons, [92] [note] h;
parliamentary interference with royal expenditure, [93];
limitations laid on Henry IV., [93], [94];
re-establishment of a good understanding with him, [95];
harmony between Henry V. and the parliament, [96];
parliamentary advice sought on public affairs, [97];
their right to impeach ministers, [98];
Henry VI.'s mode of evading Suffolk's impeachment, [99];
assertion of the privilege of parliament, [100];
cases of Lark and Clerke ib.;
principles involved in Thorp's case, [101];
infringements on liberty of speech, [102];
privilege of originating money-bills, [103-106];
the three estates of the realm, [105] [note] b;
course of proceeding on other bills, [106], [107];
instance of excess of privilege, [108];
contested elections and proceedings thereon, [109], [110];
county franchise, in whom vested, [111] and [note];
representation of towns, [111], [112];
partial omission of boroughs, [113], [114] and [notes];
reluctance of boroughs to send members, [115];
in whom the right to vote was vested, [116], [117] and [note] m;
status of the members, [117];
exclusion of lawyers from the commons' house, [118];
members originally compelled to be residents, [118], [119];
election irregularities and crown interference, [120], [121];
constitution of the house of lords, [121];
qualification of spiritual barons, [122];
barons by writ, [123-126] and [notes];
distinction between barons and bannerets, [126-129];
creation of peers by statute and by patent, [129], [130];
clergy summoned to send representatives, [131-138];
remonstrances of the commons against the encroachments of the council, [140-142].
Parliament of Paris, constitution and sittings of the, i. 248;
progress of its jurisdiction, 250;
enregistration of royal decrees confided to it, 251;
its spirited conduct in reference thereto, ib.;
interference of the kings with its privileges, 251;
establishment of its independence by Louis XI., 252;
its claims on the respect of posterity, ib.;
important ordinance of Charles V., iii. [152] [note] t.