London Labour and the London Poor, Vol. 4

by Henry Mayhew

COUNTIES.	Average Annual Number of Criminals from 1839-1848.	Number of Criminals who could neither read nor write.
		1839.	1840.	1841.	1842.	1843.	1844.
Bedford	181	39	72	90	110	80	81
Berks	313	103	121	97	113	48	75
Bucks	285	89	107	87	112	113	91
Cambridge	249	79	65	90	78	80	77
Chester	904	285	370	334	333	336	259
Cornwall	294	81	95	82	80	82	65
Cumberland	130	39	30	26	45	37	41
Derby	263	74	48	66	92	77	61
Devon	755	143	154	146	144	204	235
Dorset	258	84	107	96	75	95	73
Durham	260	70	33	56	88	96	138
Essex	638	213	297	302	295	290	219
Gloucester	1067	326	322	370	414	330	211
Hereford	229	102	120	121	107	107	83
Hertford	288	147	133	146	119	98	111
Hunts	77	20	33	21	22	26	27
Kent	942	348	251	353	371	330	301
Lancaster	3462	1143	1391	1556	1947	1423	992
Leicester	419	141	159	135	141	137	135
Lincoln	458	117	119	99	133	131	134
Middlesex	4230	927	882	980	800	1033	933
Monmouth	272	83	94	112	73	79	67
Norfolk	727	285	266	258	308	284	290
Northampton	291	96	92	118	111	92	90
Northumberland	214	24	57	45	58	75	96
Nottingham	333	104	108	91	102	112	115
Oxford	308	113	134	106	99	117	84
Rutland	29	4	—	1	11	13	8
Salop	367	136	176	182	173	215	164
Somerset	935	281	410	352	363	333	360
Southampton	664	215	207	188	186	159	126
Stafford	1017	233	271	324	465	313	304
Suffolk	511	187	201	184	188	195	198
Surrey	1026	315	320	274	300	223	233
Sussex	498	173	173	176	191	143	111
Warwick	959	293	396	403	363	392	267
Westmorland	41	8	6	5	5	6	3
Wilts	462	132	145	146	127	116	100
Worcester	594	169	275	244	250	242	204
York	1878	553	572	531	776	621	444
North Wales	274	84	110	92	122	116	107
South Wales	435	108	136	135	138	174	188
Total for England and Wales	27,542	196	9058	9220	10,128	9173	7901

				Total for 10 years.	Average Number per Year.	No. of Criminals who can neither read nor write in every 100.	Per Cent. above and below the Average. † denotes above. * „ below.
1845.	1846.	1847.	1848.
64	66	64	79	745	74	40·8	†28·3
79	88	100	127	951	95	30·3	* 4·7
95	89	105	82	970	97	34·0	† 6·9
69	78	75	81	772	77	30·9	* 2·5
230	296	336	371	3,150	315	34·8	† 9·4
90	89	125	86	875	87	29·6	* 6·9
21	46	32	37	354	35	26·9	*15·4
53	63	41	64	642	64	24·3	*23·5
211	248	307	295	2,087	209	27·7	*12·9
83	64	93	84	864	86	33·3	† 4·7
66	78	97	120	842	84	32·3	† 1·5
188	242	254	224	2,524	252	39·5	†24·2
210	235	293	276	2,987	299	28·0	*11·9
96	64	112	115	1,027	103	45·0	†41·5
90	82	121	148	1,195	119	41·3	†29·8
32	14	21	36	252	25	32·4	† 1·9
301	267	305	368	3,195	319	33·8	† 6·3
1023	1097	1283	1389	13,444	1344	38·8	†22·0
87	96	66	82	1,179	118	28·1	*11·6
112	125	136	137	1,243	124	27·1	*14·8
1230	1177	1280	1322	10,564	1056	24·9	*21·7
34	45	81	95	763	76	27·9	*12·2
254	271	293	247	2,756	276	37·9	†19·1
107	86	56	93	941	94	32·3	† 1·5
44	45	49	57	550	55	25·7	*19·1
79	88	95	106	1,000	100	30·0	* 5·6
93	64	90	73	973	97	31·5	* ·9
12	8	15	17	89	9	31·0	* 2·5
104	89	112	119	1,470	147	40·0	†25·8
298	224	266	313	3,200	320	34·1	† 7·2
153	193	213	194	1,834	183	27·5	*13·5
212	263	354	387	3,126	313	30·7	* 3·4
113	159	159	179	1,763	176	34·4	† 8·1
223	218	348	340	2,824	282	27·4	*13·8
97	151	136	168	1,519	152	30·5	* 4·0
237	234	324	440	3,349	335	34·9	† 9·7
11	20	5	9	78	8	19·5	*38·6
85	101	118	104	1,174	117	25·3	*20·4
210	195	229	232	2,250	225	34·5	† 8·5
378	453	528	619	5,475	547	29·1	* 8·5
81	79	126	136	1,053	105	38·3	†20·4
183	108	187	240	1,593	159	36·5	†14·7
7438	7698	9050	9691	87,553	8755	31·8

COUNTIES.	Average Annual Number of Criminals from 1839-1848.	Number of Criminals who could neither read nor write.										Total for 10 years.	Average Number per Year.	No. of Criminals who can neither read nor write in every 100.	Per Cent. above and below the Average. † denotes above. * „ below.
		1839.	1840.	1841.	1842.	1843.	1844.	1845.	1846.	1847.	1848.
Bedford	181	39	72	90	110	80	81	64	66	64	79	745	74	40·8	†28·3
Berks	313	103	121	97	113	48	75	79	88	100	127	951	95	30·3	* 4·7
Bucks	285	89	107	87	112	113	91	95	89	105	82	970	97	34·0	† 6·9
Cambridge	249	79	65	90	78	80	77	69	78	75	81	772	77	30·9	* 2·5
Chester	904	285	370	334	333	336	259	230	296	336	371	3,150	315	34·8	† 9·4
Cornwall	294	81	95	82	80	82	65	90	89	125	86	875	87	29·6	* 6·9
Cumberland	130	39	30	26	45	37	41	21	46	32	37	354	35	26·9	*15·4
Derby	263	74	48	66	92	77	61	53	63	41	64	642	64	24·3	*23·5
Devon	755	143	154	146	144	204	235	211	248	307	295	2,087	209	27·7	*12·9
Dorset	258	84	107	96	75	95	73	83	64	93	84	864	86	33·3	† 4·7
Durham	260	70	33	56	88	96	138	66	78	97	120	842	84	32·3	† 1·5
Essex	638	213	297	302	295	290	219	188	242	254	224	2,524	252	39·5	†24·2
Gloucester	1067	326	322	370	414	330	211	210	235	293	276	2,987	299	28·0	*11·9
Hereford	229	102	120	121	107	107	83	96	64	112	115	1,027	103	45·0	†41·5
Hertford	288	147	133	146	119	98	111	90	82	121	148	1,195	119	41·3	†29·8
Hunts	77	20	33	21	22	26	27	32	14	21	36	252	25	32·4	† 1·9
Kent	942	348	251	353	371	330	301	301	267	305	368	3,195	319	33·8	† 6·3
Lancaster	3462	1143	1391	1556	1947	1423	992	1023	1097	1283	1389	13,444	1344	38·8	†22·0
Leicester	419	141	159	135	141	137	135	87	96	66	82	1,179	118	28·1	*11·6
Lincoln	458	117	119	99	133	131	134	112	125	136	137	1,243	124	27·1	*14·8
Middlesex	4230	927	882	980	800	1033	933	1230	1177	1280	1322	10,564	1056	24·9	*21·7
Monmouth	272	83	94	112	73	79	67	34	45	81	95	763	76	27·9	*12·2
Norfolk	727	285	266	258	308	284	290	254	271	293	247	2,756	276	37·9	†19·1
Northampton	291	96	92	118	111	92	90	107	86	56	93	941	94	32·3	† 1·5
Northumberland	214	24	57	45	58	75	96	44	45	49	57	550	55	25·7	*19·1
Nottingham	333	104	108	91	102	112	115	79	88	95	106	1,000	100	30·0	* 5·6
Oxford	308	113	134	106	99	117	84	93	64	90	73	973	97	31·5	* ·9
Rutland	29	4	—	1	11	13	8	12	8	15	17	89	9	31·0	* 2·5
Salop	367	136	176	182	173	215	164	104	89	112	119	1,470	147	40·0	†25·8
Somerset	935	281	410	352	363	333	360	298	224	266	313	3,200	320	34·1	† 7·2
Southampton	664	215	207	188	186	159	126	153	193	213	194	1,834	183	27·5	*13·5
Stafford	1017	233	271	324	465	313	304	212	263	354	387	3,126	313	30·7	* 3·4
Suffolk	511	187	201	184	188	195	198	113	159	159	179	1,763	176	34·4	† 8·1
Surrey	1026	315	320	274	300	223	233	223	218	348	340	2,824	282	27·4	*13·8
Sussex	498	173	173	176	191	143	111	97	151	136	168	1,519	152	30·5	* 4·0
Warwick	959	293	396	403	363	392	267	237	234	324	440	3,349	335	34·9	† 9·7
Westmorland	41	8	6	5	5	6	3	11	20	5	9	78	8	19·5	*38·6
Wilts	462	132	145	146	127	116	100	85	101	118	104	1,174	117	25·3	*20·4
Worcester	594	169	275	244	250	242	204	210	195	229	232	2,250	225	34·5	† 8·5
York	1878	553	572	531	776	621	444	378	453	528	619	5,475	547	29·1	* 8·5
North Wales	274	84	110	92	122	116	107	81	79	126	136	1,053	105	38·3	†20·4
South Wales	435	108	136	135	138	174	188	183	108	187	240	1,593	159	36·5	†14·7
Total for England and Wales	27,542	8196	9058	9220	10,128	9173	7901	7438	7698	9050	9691	87,553	8755	31·8

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THE IGNORANCE AMONGST THEIR CRIMINALS, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF PERSONS WHO COULD NEITHER READ NOR WRITE IN EVERY 100 CRIMINALS.

Counties above the Average.

Hereford	45·0
Hertford	41·3
Bedford	40·8
Salop	40·0
Essex	39·5
Lancaster	38·8
North Wales	38·3
Norfolk	37·9
South Wales	36·5
Warwick	34·9
Chester	34·8
Worcester	34·5
Suffolk	34·4
Somerset	34·1
Bucks	34·0
Kent	33·8
Dorset	33·3
Hunts	32·4
Durham	32·3
Northampton	32·3
Average for England and Wales	31·8

Counties below the Average.

Oxford	31·5
Rutland	31·0
Cambridge	30·9
Stafford	30·7
Sussex	30·5
Berks	30·3
Nottingham	30·0
Cornwall	29·6
York	29·1
Leicester	28·1
Gloucester	28·0
Monmouth	27·9
Devon	27·7
Southampton	27·5
Surrey	27·4
Lincoln	27·1
Cumberland	26·9
Northumberland	25·7
Wilts	25·3
Middlesex	24·9
Derby	24·3
Westmorland	19·5

THE COUNTIES ARRANGED CRIMINALLY AND TOPOGRAPHICALLY (to show the local association of crime).