Table 18. Seasonal Incidence of the Fluke Neorenifer lateriporus,
in Mouths of Blue Racers on the Reservation and Rockefeller Tract
| Apr. 15-30 | May 1-15 | May 15-31 | June 1-15 | June 15-30 | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | |
| Number of racers checked | 1 | 28 | 25 | 24 | 17 | 30 | 5 | 9 | 2 |
| Percentage of sample having flukes | 100 | 79 | 72 | 50 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Since there is a brief annual breeding season, any local population of racers consists of a series of discrete annual age groups. The population reaches its annual maximum in early September, after undergoing sudden increase by the addition of the annual crop of hatchlings. Throughout the remainder of the year numbers of racers undergo gradual reduction as a result of the many combined mortality factors that affect them. This mortality is distributed among all the age classes, but the heaviest losses, both percentage-wise and in actual numbers, are sustained by the first-year young. Being by far the most numerous group, these young suffer more mortality than all the other age classes combined. Presumably much of this mortality is concentrated in the early weeks of life, while the young are still near their minimum size; the rate of loss is gradually reduced as larger size is attained and some of the early hazards are outgrown. In the adult age classes also, the larger and older snakes live in greater security, and the rate of mortality is higher in the smaller and younger snakes. Even before hatching, the eggs are subject to heavy losses from predators, and probably from drying, flooding, and other unfavorable climatic factors. Unfortunately it was not possible to obtain definite figures on any of these losses since the eggs were never found under natural conditions and the hatchlings were seen only in relatively small numbers.
The records obtained from trapping racers in late spring and summer in fields provided a somewhat different picture of the population from the sample obtained along the ledges in autumn. In the former sample there were 400 males to 257 females, but in the latter sample there were 355 males to 379 females. I regard the summer sex ratio as a distorted one, brought about by the greater activity of the males in the breeding season. Racers are caught most easily in May, and the fact that two or more males often were trapped with the same female, while the reciprocal combinations did not occur, demonstrates the increased activity of the males in their search for mates at this season. In autumn there is no sexual activity; both sexes probably are equally active in seeking places to hibernate when they are trapped along the hilltop outcrops. The ratio of 51.6 per cent females in my sample of 734 may indicate that in the males greater activity at other seasons results in a somewhat higher mortality. This idea is borne out by the fact that for the supposed two-, three- and four-year-olds combined, females comprise 51.2 per cent, but they comprise 55.6 per cent of those more than four years old and 61.3 per cent of those more than five years old.
Fig. 20. Histograms comparing snout-vent length in random samples of Coluber c. flaviventris (those captured on the Reservation and Rockefeller Tract in 1960 and 1961) and C. c. mormon (specimens in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California). In the museum sample, collected by conventional methods, the first-year young constitute a prominent and fairly distinct size group, whereas in the sample of racers from the Reservation and Rockefeller Tract, mostly caught in wire traps of quarter-inch mesh, relatively few young were secured. It is demonstrated that hatchlings are approximately the same length in both populations, but flaviventris grows much longer, and that the differences in length between the sexes is approximately the same in each population.