The Colonization of North America, 1492-1783

by Herbert Eugene Bolton; Thomas Maitland Marshall

[133].
Court of High Commission, [135].
Couture, Jean, on Tennessee River, [102].
"Cowpens," established on the English frontier.
Cowpens, battle at, [528].
Coxe, Daniel, New Jersey proprietor, [202].
Craven, William, Lord Craven, Carolina proprietor, [208].
Cree Indians, trade of Hudson's Bay Company with, [214].
Creek Indians, Spanish missions among, [255];
French influence, [314];
English diplomacy and trade among, [316], [407], [412];
retard English expansion, [414].
Criminals, [336].
Croghan, surveys in Ohio Valley, [413].
Croix, Teodoro de, first commandant-general of the Interior
Provinces, [387], [304];
plans war on Apaches, [401].
Cromwell, Oliver, heads military party, [152];
member of Committee of Trade, Plantations, and Foreign Affairs, [153];
Lord Protector, [154];
conquers Jamaica, [253].
Crown Colonies, British, established in 1763, [404].
Crown Point, [313], [462], [487].
Crozat, Antoine, trade monopoly in Louisiana, [276]-[277];
government, [277];
attempts at trade expansion, [278];
surrender of patent, [278].
Crusades, effect on travel and geographical knowledge, [3].
Crúzate, Governor, attempts to reconquer New Mexico, [246].
Cuartelejo, El, Colorado, Urribarri's expedition to, [291];
Villazur's, [296].
Cuauhtemoc, Aztec ruler, executed by Cortés, [33], [38].
Cuba, explored by Columbus and Ocampo, [10], [17], [25];
Cortés in, [32];
decline of, [67];
English attempt to conquer, [363].
Cubero, governor of New Mexico, subdues Pueblos, [247];
founds Albuquerque, [290];
sends expedition to El Cuartelejo, [291].
Cuernavaca, Mexico, estates of Cortés at, [53].
Culiacán, founded, [39];
visited by Vaca, [41]; point of departure for Friar Marcos, [44];
for Coronado, [45];
for Ibarra, [56];
population, [58].
Culpeper, Thomas, Lord, proprietary grant in Virginia, [185];
governor of Virginia, [187].
Cumberland settlement, Tennessee, [419].
Cuming, Sir Alexander, mission to the Cherokees, [315].
Curaçao, settled by the Dutch, [167], [252];
trade, [428].
Cusihuiriáchic, Chihuahua, settled, [242].
Customs officials, [183], [439].
Dale, Sir Thomas, deputy-governor of Virginia, [119];
policy, [121].
Danes, in the West Indies, [253].
Daniel, Robert, English colonel, [269].
Davenport, Reverend John, a founder of New Haven, [156].
Davidson County, North Carolina, [419].
Davila, Gil González. See González.
Davis, John, seeks northwest passage, [66], [109].
Dawes, William, [460].
Deane, Silas, mission to France, [506].
De Chastes, in fur trading company, [85].
De Caylus, French admiral, [365].
Declaration of Independence, [476]-[481].
Declaratory Act, [438].
Deerfield, Massachusetts, massacre at, [271].
Delaware province, economic and social conditions in the eighteenth
century, [332]-[333];
separation from Pennsylvania, [350].
Delaware Indians, [416].
Delaware, Lord, governor of Virginia, [118]-[119].
Delaware River, Washington's retreat across, [489]-[492];
opened by the British, [502].
De León, Alonso, governor of Coahuila, [248];
founds Texas, [249], [251].
De León, Juan Ponce, explores coast, [17], [25], [26];
war against the Caribs, [40];
attempts to colonize Florida, [40].
De León, Luís Ponce, governor in Mexico, holds residencia of
Cortéz, [48].
DeLepe, explorer, [24].
Delgado, Marcos, explores western Florida, [249].
DeLignery, [287], campaign in Wisconsin, 1715, [287].
De Louvigny, victory over Foxes in Wisconsin, 1716, [275], [287].
De Luna, Tristán, expedition to Florida, [61]-[62].
De Medici, Catherine, [78].
De Medici, Mary, [79], [80].
De Mézières, Athanase, rule in Red River Valley, [398], [401].
Denmark, joins League of Armed Neutrals, [520].
Denonville, Governor, campaign against Iroquois, [258]-[259].
Department of foreign affairs (United States), [555].
De Soto, Hernando, in Central America, [31];
governor of Florida, [41];
expedition of, [41]-[42], [44];
death, [42].
D'Estaing, Comte, in command of French fleet, [510];
failure at Newport, [510];
in West Indies, [510]-[511];
fails to relieve Savannah, [511], [524].
Destruction of the Indies, The, work by Las Casas, [50].
De Tracy, lieutenant-colonel of New France, [94].
Detroit, founding of, [101];
occupied by French, [267], [368];
fur trading post, [422]:
during American Revolution, [513], [514].
De Troyes, captures Hudson Bay posts, [261].
Díaz, Bartholomew, explores African coast, [5].
Díaz, Melchior, explores Colorado River, [45].
Dickinson, John, member of the Stamp Act Congress, [436];
author of the Farmer's Letters, [439]:
member of First Continental Congress, [452];
attitude toward Declaration of Independence, [478];
on committee to draw up Articles of Confederation, [550].
Dieskau, Baron, [374].
Dinwiddie, lieutenant-governor of Virginia, [369].
Disallowance, [351]-[352].
Dollard, resistance to Iroquois, [91].
Dolores y Viana, Father, missionary in Texas, [299].
Dominica Island, captured by French, [510];
battle between Rodney and De Grasse, [532].
Dominicans, in New Spain, [61];
field of work, [236].
Domínguez, Father Francisco, explores Utah Basis, [392].
Donelson, pioneer in Kentucky, [419].
Dongan, Thomas, governor of New York, [197]-[198];
policy toward Indians, [258].
Dorchester, settled, [142].
Dorchester Heights, [471].
Douro River, Portugal, [4], [13].
Dover, New Hampshire, [140];
Puritan settlers, [157];
claimed by Massachusetts, [157].
Drake, Francis, freebooter in West Indies, [66];
raid on Pacific coast, [70];
accompanies Hawkins, [107];
attack on Nombre de Dios, [107];
on Chagres River, [107];
circumnavigates globe, [108];
rescues Roanoke Island colonists, [110].
Drake's Bay, California, [70].
Ducasse, French naval commander, in intercolonial wars, [262], [268], [269].
Duchesneau, intendant of New France, [97];
recalled, [98].
Ducour, French commander, surrenders Louisbourg, [377].
Dudley, Thomas, deputy governor, [142];
governor, [146].
Duke's Laws, [197].
Duluth, fur trader in Minnesota and Wisconsin, [100].
Dunmore, Lord, governor of Virginia, [413];
war with Indians of Ohio Valley, [417];
difficulties in 1775, [462]-[463].
Duquesne, Marquis, governor-general of Canada, [368];
plans to occupy Ohio country, [368].
Durango, Mexico, founding of, [56];
industrial development, [58];
capital of Nueva Vizcaya, [242].
Durham, Massacre at, [266].
Du Rivage, French explorer on Red River, 1719, [283].
Dutch, destroy English settlement on Schuylkill River, [155];
in American Revolution, [520]-[522];
revolt of the Netherlands, [52];
Dutch freebooters in the Caribbean, [66];
commercial expansion of the Netherlands, [164];
East Indian trade, [164];
Henry Hudson, [165];
Cape Horn route discovered, [165];
the West India Company, [166];
the Dutch in Brazil, Guiana, and the Antilles, [166], [251]-[252];
New Netherlands, [167]-[174];
the government, [167];
Peter Minuit, [167]-[168];
the patroon system, [169]-[170];
frontier rivals, [170];
Van Twiller and Kieft, [170]-[171];
Indian wars, [172];
Stuyvesant, [172];
struggle for popular government, [172]-[173];
industries, [173]-[174];
conquest of New Sweden, [175]-[177];
New Netherlands absorbed by the English, [177]-[178], [196]-[197];
Dutch pirates on the Pacific, [240].
Dutch East India Company, [164]-[165].
Dutch Reformed Church, [223].
Dutch West India Company, [166], [252].
Du Tisné, explores Osage and Arkansas country, [283].
Dyer, Mary, [189].
East India Company, English, formed, [70], [105];
tea concessions, [447].
East Indies, commerce of, [70].
Eastland Company, [106].
East New Jersey, population, [221];
social conditions, [223]-[224];
religion, [224];
education, [224].
See New Jersey.
Eaton, Theophilus, a founder of New Haven, [150].
Eaton's Station, [513].
Echagaray, ordered to explore Bay of Espíritu Santo, [249].
Ecija, expedition from Florida to Virginia, 1609, [118]-[119].
Edict of Nantes, [79].
Edisto Island, ravaged by Spaniards, 1686, [255].
Education, in New Spain, [50], [53];
colleges and universities, [76];
in New England, [220]-[221];
in New York, [222]-[223];
in East New Jersey, [224];
in Chesapeake Bay region, [229];
in South Carolina, [231];
in English colonies in the eighteenth century, [338]-[339].
Edwards, Jonathan, [338].
Elcano, completes Magellan's voyage round the world, [25].
Eleutheria Island, settled, [152].
Eliot, John, missionary to Indians, [156].
Elizabethtown, New Jersey, [199].
Elizabeth, Queen of England, policy, [105];
English expansion during reign, [107]-[111].
El Paso district, beginnings of, [245];
attached to New Mexico, [245].
Emigration. See Immigration and Population.
Encomiendas, origin of, [22];
granting of in conquests, [31], [34], [40], [55];
upheld by Cortés, [47]-[48]; New Laws concerning, [50];
cessation of, in West Indies, [67];
in New Spain, [55], [75].
Endicott, John, founds Salem, [141].
England, the Tudor Period, [104]-[105];
under the early Stuarts, [112]-[113];
the Puritan movement, [135]-[136];
the Restoration, [179];
the mercantilist system, [179];
the Triple Alliance, [359];
in the War of Jenkins's Ear, [361]-[364];
in the War of the Austrian Succession, [364]-[366];
in the Seven Years' War, [369]-[383];
new possessions after 1763, [403]-[424];
controversy with American colonies, [425]-[555].
English colonies in North America, general history:
beginning of English expansion, 1485-1603, [104]-[110];
the Tudor period, [104]-[105];
commercial expansion, [105]-[107];
the Cabots, [105];
Newfoundland fisheries, [106];
Muscovy and Levant companies, [106];
Elizabethan sea-dogs, [107]-[108];
search for a Northwest passage, [108]-[109];
attempts to colonize Virginia and Guiana, [109]-[110];
the colonies under the early Stuarts, [112]-[113];
colonial administration, [113];
the founding of Virginia, [114]-[125];
the founding of Maryland, [125]-[129];
the Bermudas, [129];
Guiana, [130];
the Lesser Antilles, [132];
Providence Island Company, [133];
the beginnings of New England, [135]-[150];
the Puritan movement, [135]-[136];
Plymouth colony, [136]-[141];
attempts on New England coast, [141]-[142];
Massachusetts Bay Colony, [142]-[146];
Rhode Island and Connecticut, [146]-[151];
the English colonies during the revolutionary period, [152]-[163];
the old colonies under the later Stuarts, [179]-[195];
colonial policy and administration, [179]-[181];
machinery of government, [181]-[183];
expansion under the later Stuarts, [196]-[214];
New York, [196]-[198];
the Jerseys, [198]-[202];
Pennsylvania, [202]-[206];
expansion in the islands, [206]-[207];
the Carolinas, [207]-[211];
Western trade and exploration, [211];
Hudson's Bay Company, [212]-[214];
English Mainland colonies at end of [17]th century described—
society, industry, education, religion, population, [216]-[232];
the struggle with the French for the fur country, [257]-[261];
the War of the English Succession, [261]-[267];
the War of the Spanish Succession, [267]-[273];
the English in the Piedmont, [309]-[328];
the Westward Movement, [309]-[311];
defense of the northern frontier, [311]-[312];
reorganization of the Carolinas, [312]-[315];
Georgia, the buffer colony, [315]-[316];
the German and Swiss migration, [316]-[322];
the Scotch-Irish, [322]-[326];
significance of settlement of the Piedmont, [326]-[328];
the English colonies in the middle [18]th century, population,
industry, labor systems, society, religion, education, [329]-[339];
Barbados, Leeward Isles, and Jamaica, [339]-[341];
the English colonial system, [343]-[357];
reorganizations by William III, [343]-[350];
development during the reign of Anne, [350]-[352];
under the Whigs, [353]-[357];
a quarter century of conflict with France and Spain, [359]-[383];
Spain and the powers, [359]-[361];
War of Jenkins' Ear, [361]-[364];
War of the Austrian Succession, [364]-[366];
the conflict in the Ohio Valley, [366]-[369];
the French and Indian War, [369]-[382];
the Peace of Paris, [382];
the new British possessions, 1763-1783, [403]-[424];
general provisions for defense, government, and fur trade, [403]-[406];
occupation of the Floridas, [406]-[409];
military occupation of the Illinois country, [409]-[410];
western land schemes, [411]-[413];
the westward movement into Tennessee, Kentucky, and the Upper
Ohio country, [413]-[419];
the province of Quebec, [410]-[421];
the northern, fur traders, [421]-[424];
the causes of the American Revolution, [425]-[456];
the background of the conflict, [425]-[429];
the policy of the Grenvile Ministry, [429]-[437];
the repeal of the Stamp Act, [431]-[432];
the Townshend Acts, [438]-[443];
organized resistance, [443]-[447];
the Tea Controversy, [447]-[449];
Lord North's Coercive Policy, [440]-[451];
the First Continental Congress, [451]-[456];
the opening of hostilities, [458]-[463];
the Second Continental Congress, [463]-[470];
the Loyalists, [472]-[476];
the Declaration of Independence, [476]-[480];
the struggle for the middle states, [482]-[504];
the war as an international contest, [505]-[522];
the French Alliance, [505]-[512];
the war in the West, [512]-[515];
Spain in the war, [521]-[522];
the dose of the war, [524]-[532];
the treaty of peace, [532]-[538];
governmental development during the Revolution, [539]-[555].
Episcopal Church, in New England, [220];
in New York, [222];
in Pennsylvania, [226];
in Virginia, [229];
in Maryland, [229];
in South Carolina, [231].
Eric the Red, colonization of Greenland,

[2].
Escalante, Father Silvestre de, explores Utah Basin, [392].
Escandón, Colonel José de, colonizes Gulf Coast, [299]-[300], [385].
Escobar, Cristóbal, Jesuit provincial, urges colonization of Colorado
River, [304], [307].
Española (Haiti), [10];
spread of settlements in, [17];
gold mining, [19];
other industries, [19];
emigration to, encouraged, migration from to mainland forbidden, [21];
decline of, [67].
See also West Indies.
Espejo, Antonio de, expedition to New Mexico, [72].
Espinosa, Gaspar de, explores Central America, [29]-[30], [42].
Espinosa, Fray Isidro Felix, Franciscan missionary and historian in
Texas, [292], [293].
Espíritu Santo, settlement in Texas, [36];
Bay of, [249], [297].
Esquivel, Juan de, colonizes Jamaica, [17].
Estete, explores Nicaragua, [32].
Estrada, royal treasurer of New Spain, [48];
governor in Mexico, [48].
Eutaw Springs, [530].
Executive departments of United States government, [553], [554]-[555].
See Second Continental Congress.
Exeter, New Hampshire, settled, [157].
Fabry de la Bruyère, expedition up Canadian River, [286].
Fages, Pedro, expedition against the Yumas, [394].
Falmouth burned, [470].
Far East, travelers in, and books regarding, [3];
change in trade route to, [5].
Farfán, Marcos, explores Arizona, [73].
Farmar, Major Robert, expedition to the Illinois, [406].
Farmer's Letters, [439]-[440].
Farnese, Elizabeth, [279], [359], [360], [361].
Fenwick, John, [201].
Ferdinand and Isabella, [13]-[14].
See also Isabella, Queen of Spain.
Ferrelo, explores north Pacific coast with Cabrillo, [47].
Feudalism, in Maryland, [125]-[129].
Finlay, James, Montreal fur magnate, [423].
Finley, explorer in Kentucky, [413].
First Continental Congress, call, [451]-[452];
meeting, [452];
Suffolk resolves, [452];
plan of union, [452]-[453];
declaration and resolves, [453]-[454];
commercial agreements, [454]-[455];
Association, [455];
attempts to secure cooperation of other colonies, [455];
beginnings of sovereignty, [539].
Fisher, Mary, [189].
Fishing industry of New England, [217], [331].
Fletcher, Colonel Benjamin, governor of New York, [345].
Florida Blanca, Count of, Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs, [507]-[508];
policy, [515].
Floyd, John, prospector in Kentucky, [416].
Florida, Indians, [23];
explored, [125], [126];
assigned to Narváez, [37];
Spanish attempts to colonize:
De León, [40];
Ayllón, [40]-[41];
De Soto, [42];
Fray Luis Cancer, [61];
De Luna, [61]-[62];
French attempts to colonize, and expulsion of by Spain, [62]-[63], [83]-[84], [251];
founding of St. Augustine, [62];
map, [63];
new settlements, [64];
Jesuit missions, [64]-[65];
Franciscan missions, [65];
Pareja's work on Indian languages, [65], [253];
missions in Apalachee district, [247];
English encroachment, [253]-[255];
Pensacola founded, [255], [275];
during War of Spanish Succession, [269]-[271];
siege of St. Augustine, [269]-[270];
destruction of the Apalachee missions, [269]-[270];
Spanish expedition against Charleston, [270];
Indian uprising, [270];
the Tuscarora War, [271];
Pensacola captured by French, [295];
ceded to England, [382], [384];
captaincy-general of, [387].
Florida, East, under British rule, [404];
occupation and development, [408]-[409];
refuge for Loyalists, [409].
Florida, West, joined with Louisiana, [398];
extent under British rule, [404];
possession taken by British, [406];
posts in, [406];
boundary and the river forts, [406]-[407];
center of control for Indians and for trade of the Southwest, [407];
politics and government, [407];
development under British rule, [407]-[408];
immigration encouraged, [408];
land speculation, [408];
Loyalist refuge during the Revolution, [408].
Fonseca, Archdeacon, head of Spanish department of Indian affairs,
16, [19], [34];
victory of Cortés over, [34].
Fonseca Bay, discovered, [29].
Font, Father Pedro, Franciscan missionary with Anza, explores in
California, [391].
Forbes, English commander, expedition against Fort Duquesne, [377], [378].
Fort Bute, captured by Gálvez, [515].
Fort Casimir, [177].
Fort Caroline, French fort in Florida, [62], [84].
Fort Christina, [175].
Fort Crêvecœur, Illinois, [98].
Fort Edward, [495].
Fort Elfsborg, [175].
Fort Frederica, [316].
Fort Frontenac, abandoned, [259];
reoccupied, [265].
Fort George, [462].
Fort Good Hope, [170].
Fort Independence, [493]-[494].
Fort Jefferson, [514].
Fort King George, [315].
Fort Lee, captured by the British, [488]-[489].
Fort Mercer, [503].
Fort Miami, LaSalle at, [98].
Fort Mifflin, [503].
Fort Orange (Albany), [167].
Fort Panmure, at Natchez, captured by Gálvez, [515].
Fort Rosalie, at Natchez, [278], [280].
Fort St. Louis, built by La Salle in Texas, [99].
Fort Stanwix, [496].
Fort Tombecbé, Alabama, [281], [406].
Fort Toulouse, on Alabama River, fur depot and Jesuit mission, [278].
Fort Washington, captured by British, [488].
Fox, George, visit to New Jersey, [109];
religious views, [202];
visit to America, [203].
Fox Channel, [213].
Fox Indians, wars with, [284], [285], [287];
massacre, [287].
France, during colonial period, [52]-[53], [78]-[80], [88], [89], [279], [295],
359, [360], [363], [364], [375];
causes of alliance with the United States, [505];
policy of Vergennes, [505]-[506];
Deane and Beaumarchais, [506];
Franklin's influence, [506]-[507];
American proposals, [507];
Lafayette, [508];
the alliance, [508];
operations of D'Estaing, [510]-[511];
Rochambeau, [511];
alliance of 1779 with Spain, [515];
peace treaty, [532]-[538];
loans to the United States, [554].
Franche Comté, [52].
Francis I of France, [16].
Franciscans, in New Spain:
in Nueva-Vizcaya, [58];
Monastery at Saltillo, [59];
in Florida, [65];
field of work, [236];
in Chihuahua, [242];
in New Mexico, [243], [245], [246]-[247], [290];
take over work of the Jesuits in northeastern provinces, [386].
See also Serra, Garcés, Missions.
Franco-Spanish border, [300]-[301];
Texas-Louisiana boundary, [300];
New Mexico border, [300]-[301].
Franklin, Benjamin, influence on education, [339];
plan of union, [371];
interest in the West, [412];
agent for Pennsylvania and Massachusetts, [437];
the intercepted letters, [448];
member of Second Continental Congress, [463];
Post Master General, [465];
member of committee for drafting the Declaration of Independence, [479];
diplomacy in France, [506]-[507];
peace negotiations, [533]-[538];
views regarding the Articles of Confederation, [550].
Franklin, William, Governor of New Jersey, land scheme, [411];
attempts to defeat Independence, [479].
Frederick the Great and League of Armed Neutrals, [519].
Freebooters in New World, [62], [66], [70].
See Privateers.
Freedom of the press, [356]-[357].
Freeman's Farm, [497], [498].
French colonies in North America, France during the colonial period, [78]-[81];
early colonizing efforts, [81]-[84];
first voyages, [81];
Carriers and Roberval, [81]-[82];
Ribaut and Laudonnière, [82]-[84];
Acadia, [85]-[86];
the fur monopoly, [85];
Port Royal, [85];
Charnisay and LaTour, [86];
the English conquest, [86];
the St. Lawrence Valley, [86]-[93];
Quebec founded, [86];
Champlain, [87]-[88];
Company of Hundred Association, [87];
English conquest, [87];
Nicolet, [88];
the Jesuits, [88];
map, [89];
Montreal founded, [90];
the New Company, [90];
Coureurs de bois, [90];
reorganization, [91];
centralist system established, [91];
Laval, [91];
Iroquois War, [91];
the West India Company, [91];
Talon, [92];
Seigneurial grants, [92];
the West Indies, [93]-[96];
the West India Company, [94];
map, [95];
the Upper Lake region and the Mississippi Valley, [96]-[102];
two lines of approach, [96];
Upper Lake posts and missions, [96];
Marquette and Joliet, [96]-[97];
Frontenac, [97];
La Salle's fur trade monopoly, [98];
descends the Mississippi, [98];
his colony in Texas, [98]-[99];
explores in the Southwest, [100];
Duluth, Le Sueur, and Perrot on the upper Mississippi, [100]-[101];
the Illinois country, [101];
on the Tennessee, [101]-[102];
Anglo-French rivalry during Wars of English and Spanish Successions,
[214], [257]-[273];
the founding of Louisiana, [275]-[278];
Iberville, [275];
Spanish resistance, [275].
Biloxi, [270];
alliances with the tribes, [276];
Bienville, [276];
Crozat, [276];
Natchitoches, Fort Toulouse, and Natchez, [278];
Louisiana under the Company of the Indies, [278]-[280];
the Mississippi Bubble, [278];
New Orleans founded, [279];
War with Spain, [279];
government, [279];
the Natchez War, [280];
Louisiana under royal governors, [280]-[286];
Bienville again, [281];
the Chickasaw war, [281];
the Illinois country attached to Louisiana, [281];
the Missouri lead mines, [282];
the French in the trans-Mississippi West, [282]-[286];
La Harpe, DuTisné, Bourgmont, [283]-[284];
advance toward New Mexico, [284]-[286];
the western fur-trade, [284];
Mallet, Fabry, Satren, Chapuis, [286];
the far Northwest, [287]-[288];
the Fox wars, [281];
new Sioux posts, [287];
Vérendrye and the Post of the Western Sea, [287]-[288];
Franco-Spanish border conflicts, [289], [291]-[297], [300]-[301];
the struggle with England, [359]-[383]:
the War of the Austrian Succession, [364]-[366];
the conflict on the Upper Ohio, [366]-[369];
the French and Indian War, [369]-[383];
the fall of Quebec, [379];
the Peace of Paris, [382];
France expelled from America, [363].
French and Indian War:
approach of, [366]-[369];
preparations in Acadia, [366];
activities on the Ohio, [366]-[369];
the Ohio Company, [367];
the French frontier strengthened, [367]-[368];
French occupation of the upper Ohio, [368]-[369];
Washington's mission, [369];
the southern frontier, [369];
Virginia prepares, [369]-[370];
Washington's first campaign, [370];
apathy of colonial legislatures, [370]-[371];
the Albany convention, [371];
preparations for war, [371];
the council of governors, [371]-[372];
Braddock's campaign, [372];
harrying of the frontiers, [372]-[374];
map of the western frontier, 1763, [373];
operations in Acadia, [374];
the Crown Point campaign, [374];
the Niagara campaign, [374]-[375];
diplomatic revolution, [375];
French preparations, [375];
English preparations, [375]-[376];
fall of Oswego, [376];
Pitt becomes the moving spirit, [376];
Louisbourg and Ft. William Henry, [376];
English victories in India, [376], [377];
preparations and plans, 1758, [377];
capture of Louisbourg, [377];
Abercromby's defeat, [377]-[378];
Frontenac and Duquesne, [378];
Kerlérec and the southern Indians, [378];
the Cherokee War, [378]-[379];
operations in the West Indies, [379];
the campaigns of 1759;
Niagara captured, [379];
the fall of Quebec, [379]-[380];
important naval operations, [380];
the French fail to recapture Quebec, [381];
capture of Montreal, [381];
George III becomes king, [381];
operations in the West Indies and the Philippines, [382];
the Peace of Paris, [382].
French West India Company, [91]-[92], [94], [96];
settlements in the West Indies, [252].
Fresnillo, Mexico, mine of, [56].
Frobisher, Benjamin and Joseph, Montreal fur magnates, [423].
Frobisher, Martin, voyages in search of a northwest passage, [66], [108]-[109].
Frontenac, Count, governor and lieutenant-general of New France,
[96], [259], [263];
sends Joliet in search of the Mississippi, [96];
founding of Fort Frontenac, [97];
change in government and resulting friction, [97];
recalled, [98];
reappointed, [259], [263];
conduct of French campaign in War of the English Succession, [263], [264];
his Indian policy, [263];
reopens the fur trade, [265].
Fuenleal, Sebastián Ramirez de, president of Audiencia of New Spain, [49].
Fuerte River Valley, Sinaloa, Jesuit missions in, [239].
Fuller, William, heads rebellion in Maryland, [162].
"Fundamental Orders" of Connecticut, [150].
Fur Trade: early French in Acadia, [85];
of St. Lawrence Valley, [87]-[90], [213]-[214];
coureurs de bois, [90];
of Mississippi Valley, [98]-[102];
rivalry of French and English, [102];
in New England, [155],158, [217];
of the Dutch, [165]-[166], [167], [171], [173]-[174];
of Carolinas, [211];
Hudson's Bay Company, [214]-[215], [260]-[261];
in New York, [222];
in Pennsylvania, [226];
of South Carolina, [231], [255];
struggle for the northern fur country, [257]-[261];
French sphere of influence, [257];

English policy, [257]-[258];
French policy under La Barre and Denonville, [258]-[259];
temporary French ascendency, [261];
the Alabama border, [270];
in English colonies in the [18]th century, [331], [332], [334], [335], [367];
in French Louisiana, [270], [276]-[278];
in trans-Mississippi West, [284]-[285], [300], [396];
in the Saskatchewan Valley, [287]-[288];
Russian, on the Pacific coast, [388];
in Louisiana under Spain, [398], [400]-[402];
in New British possessions after 1763, regulations, [404]-[406], [421]-[422];
in West Florida, [407]; in the Ohio Valley, [409];
in Canada, [421]-[423];
the Northwest Company, [423];
competition with Hudson's Bay Company, [423]-[424].
Fusang, conjecture concerning location, [2].
Gadsden, Christopher, member of the Stamp Act Congress, [436].
Gage, General Thomas, [410], [459], [461].
Gali, Francisco de, ordered to explore Pacific Coast, [70].
Galissonière, Marquis de la, governor of Canada, [368].
Galloway, Joseph, [452]-[453].
Galveston Bay, La Harpe at, [283].
Gálvez, Bernardo de, governor of Louisiana, [398],401;
operations on the lower Mississippi, [515];
captures Mobile and Pensacola, [516].
Gálvez, José, visitador general to New Spain, [385];
Minister of the Indies, [387];
reform of the revenue system, [385];
tobacco monopoly, [385];
in Lower California, [386];
organized expedition to Alta California, [386], [387];
pacification of Sonora, [386];
plans for intendant system, [386]-[387];
creation of new dioceses, [387];
captaincy-general of Havana, [387].
Gama, Vasco da, voyage to Calicut, [5], [24].
Gámara, seeks La Salle's colony, [249].
Garay, governor of Jamaica, explorations, [25]-[26], [37].
Garcés, Father Francisco, Franciscan missionary, explorations from San
Xavier del Bac, [391];
with Anza, opens land route to California, [391];
seeks route from New Mexico, [391], [393];
founds mission-pueblo at Yuma, [393];
massacred, [393].
Gaspee affair, [444]-[445].
Gates, General Horatio, at Crown Point, [487];
intrigues with Congress, [493];
in command against Burgoyne, [496]-[499];
Conway Cabal, [503]-[504];
in the South, [525];
defeated at Camden, [525]-[526].
Gates, Sir Thomas, governor of Virginia, [118].
Geography, growth of knowledge, [1]-[4].
George I, [353];
colonial system under the Whigs, [353]-[357].
George II, colonial system under the Whigs, [353]-[357].
George III, becomes king, [381];
policy, [429];
proclamation of rebellion in America, [460]-[470];
the American Revolution, [425]-[555].
Georgia, De Soto crosses, [42];
Spanish post in Guale (northern Georgia), 1566, [64];
Boyano explores, 1567, [64];
Jesuit missions in Guale and Orista, 1568, [64]-[65];
Franciscan missions on coast, [573]-[597], [65];
destroyed in uprising, 1597, [65];
restored to resist English, [253]-[254];
Yamassee revolt against Spaniards, [255];
English attack on missions, [255];
English traders among Creeks, [255];
Anglo-Spanish border raids during War of Spanish Succession, Spanish
frontier contracted, [270];
early English movement into, [315];
Azilia, [315];
motives of Oglethorpe, [315];
charter, [315];
government, [316];
early English settlements, [316];
defense, [316];
German migration, to, [321];
Scotch-Irish migration to, [326];
economic conditions, [335];
defense against Spaniards during War of Jenkins' Ear, [361]-[362], [363]-[364];
trouble with the governor, [444];
attitude toward the Association [458];
Cherokee War, [512]-[513];
conquest by British, [534];
reconquered by Greene, [529]-[530].
Georgian Bay, explored, [87], [88].
Germaine, Lord George, [470], [493].
German mercenaries, [470], [478].
German migration to America, causes, [316]-[317];
early movement to Pennsylvania, [317]-[318];
migration to New York, [318]-[319];
later migration to New York, [318]-[319];
later migration to Pennsylvania, [319];
to New Jersey, [319];
to Maryland, [319]-[320];
to Virginia, [320];
to North Carolina, [320];
to South Carolina, [321];
to Georgia, [321];
to New England, [321]-[322];
to Nova Scotia, [322].
Germantown, battle of, [502].
Germany, [16].
Geronymite friars, in West Indies, [23].
Gibraltar, Anglo-Spanish conflict over, [359], [360].
Gila River, [45];
plans for exploration, [304];
Garcés on, [391];
Yuma mission on, [393].
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, voyage of, [66];
attempts to found a colony, [109].
Gillam, Zachariah, voyages to Hudson Bay, [213].
Gist, Christopher, explores Ohio Valley, [367].
Glen, governor of South Carolina, [369].
Goa, India, Portuguese in, [24].
Godyn, Samuel, [170].
Golfo Dulce, Cortés visits, [38].
Gómez, Stephen, explores North Atlantic coast, [26].
Gondomar, Spanish ambassador in England, [132].
González, Dávila, Gil, expeditions in Central America, [29]-[30], [31], [38].
Gordillo, explores Atlantic coast, [26].
Gorges, Lord Edward, land grants, [140], [146].
Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, sends vessels to New England, [136];
land grants, [140], [146], [157];
interest in Canada and Laconia companies, [141];
loss of estates, [157]-[158].
Gorges, Sir Robert, land grant, [140];
attempted settlement at Weymouth, [140].
Gorges family, opposition to Massachusetts Bay Company, [141].
Gourgues, Dominique de, attacks Spaniards in Florida, [64], [84].
Governor's Island, [171].
Granada, Nicaragua, founding of, [31];
population, [75].
Granada, Spain, conquest of kingdom of, [13].
Gran Quivira (Kansas), expedition of Coronado to, [45];
of Humana, [72]-[73];
of Oñate, [73];
of Alonso de Vaca, [243].
Grand Canyon of the Colorado, discovered, [45].
Grant, Colonel, expedition against Cherokees, [379].
Grant, James, first English governor of East Florida, [408]-[409].
Grasse, De, French admiral, in the West Indies, [530]-[531];
defeats Graves, [531];
defeated by Rodney, [532].
Graves, Admiral, [531].
Graydon, John, English vice-admiral, commander of West Indian fleet,
268.
"Great Awakening," [338].
Great Bridge, [471].
Great Khan, visits of Europeans to court of, [3].
Greene, Nathanael, in command of Rhode Island volunteers, [461];
loses Ft. Washington, [488]-[489];
at Trenton, [491];
at Brandywine, [500];
at Germantown, [502];
in command in the South, [527];
retreat, [528];
Guilford, [528]-[529];
reconquest of South Carolina and Georgia, [529]-[530].
"Green Sea of Darkness," Arabian notion of, [2].
Greenbrier Company, [411].
Greenland, discovery and colonization, [2]-[3].
Grenada, acquired by England, [404];
occupied by the French, [510];
restored to Great Britain, [537].
Grenville, Sir Richard, freebooter, [60];
expedition to Roanoke Island, [110].
Grenville Ministry, [430]-[436].
Grijalva, exploring expeditions, [25], [32].
Grimaldi, Spanish minister, [388].
Groseilliers, fur trader in Great Lake region, influence in
establishment of the Hudson's Bay Company, [213].
Guachichile Indians, Coahuila, [59].
Guadalajara, seat of Audiencia, [27], [40], [50], [55], [58], [75], [387];
seat of Province of Santiago de Jalisco, [249].
Guadalajara, New Mexico officer leads pearl hunting expedition in
Texas, [244].
Guadeloupe Island, international contests over, [93], [252], [262], [382].
Guadiana (Durango), diocese of, [242].
Guale (Georgia), Spanish presidio in, [64];
Jesuit mission in, [64]-[65].
Guanajauto, mines, [58];
founding of City of Santa Fé de, [58].
Guanajá Islands, [25].
Guatemala, Maya civilization, [27];
conquest of, [31], [37]-[38], [39];
expedition of Niño to, [42];
Audiencia of, [50];
population, [75].
Guerrero (state), Mexico, Zacatilla founded in, [37].
Guiana, [66], [80];
tales about, [110];
English interests in, [130], [132];
early English expeditions to, [132];
Spanish opposition to English settlement, [132];
Dutch colonization, [166]-[167];
English, Dutch, and French posts, [251]-[252].
Guilford, Connecticut, [150].
Guilford, New Jersey, [199].
Guilford, battle of, [528]-[529].
Guillen, Father, Jesuit missionary in California, [307].
Guise, Francis and Henry, [53], [78], [79].
Gutiérrez, Alonso, governor of Veragua, [32].
Guzmán, Nuño de, governor of Victoria Garayana (Pánuco), [37], [48];
president of Audiencia of Mexico, [38], [48];
conquest of Sinaloa (Nueva Galicia), [39], [40];
claim to Cibola, [44];
enmity to Cortés, [48].
Haiti, Columbus's expedition to, [10];
named Española, [10]. See Española.
Halifax, Lord, [354], [366].
Halifax, Nova Scotia, founding, [366].
Hamilton, English major-general in War of Austrian Succession, [268].
Hamilton, British commander at Detroit, raids of, [513], [514];
captured, [514].
Hampton Court Conference, [136].
Hancock, John, trouble with customs officials, [441]-[442];
distributes arms, [460];
president of Second Continental Congress, [463], [541].
Hapsburgs, French hostility to, [80].
Harcourt, Robert, attempts to colonize Guiana, [132].
Harlem, battle of, [485].
Harper's Ferry, founded, [320].
Harrod, pioneer settler in Kentucky, [413], [416].
Harrodsburg, Kentucky, [416], [417].
Hartford, Dutch fort at, [149]; founding of the town, [149].
Havana, Cuba, founded, [19];
decline of, [67];
captaincy-general and intendancy of, [387];
Louisiana attached to, [398];
Audiencia of, [398].
Harvard College, [220]-[221], [339].
Harvey, Sir John, governor of Virginia, [124]-[125].
Hawkins, John, English freebooter, [66];
slave trade, [107].
Hawkins, William, voyages to Guiana and Brazil, [107].
Hazard, Samuel, plan for western colony, [411].
Hearne, Samuel, explorations, [423]-[424];
reaches Arctic Ocean and discovers Lake Athabasca, [424].
Heath, Sir Robert, grant in the Carolinas, [207].
Heçeta, Bruno de, expedition up North Pacific coast, [395].
Henderson, Judge Richard, land speculator in Kentucky, [413];
founds Transylvania, [417]-[418].
Henley House, Hudson's Bay Company post, [423].
Hennepin, Recollet missionary among the Illinois, [97], [101];
in Minnesota, [98];
meets Duluth, [100].
Henry, Alexander, Montreal fur magnate, [423].
Henry, Patrick, buys Spanish horses in the West, [400];
in the Parson's Cause, [429];
Virginia Resolutions, [435]-[436];
member of First Continental Congress, [452];
heads armed resistance, [462]-[463];
sends militia to Kentucky, [513].
Henry VII, policy, [104];
Cabot, [105]-[106].
Henry the Navigator, prince of Portugal, [4]-[5];
his objects, [5];
explorations, [5];
map showing, [6];
beginning of slave trade, [5].
Henry IV, of France (Henry of Navarre), [53];
Huguenot leader, [78], [79];
reforms of, as king, [79];
assassination, [79].
Henry VII of England, [7].
Herkimer, Colonel Nicholas, [496].
Hermandad, local police, [14];
recognized as state agency by Ferdinand and Isabella, [14].
Hessians, in American Revolution, [489]-[491].
Heyn, Piet, capture of Bahía, [166];
capture of Vera Cruz fleet, [252].
Hidalgo, Father Francisco, missionary in Texas, [249], [292].
Hill, General Sir John, expedition against Quebec, [272].
Hillsboro, North Carolina, [415].
Hillsborough, Earl of, colonial secretary, [406], [413], [419], [441].
Hispaniola, English corruption of Española, which see.
Hoboken, New Jersey, [198].
Holburne, English vice-admiral in French and Indian War, [376].
Holland. See Netherlands, Dutch.
Honduras, conquest and settlement, [24], [31], [38]-[39]
Hooke, Sir Humphrey, leases in Virginia, [185].
Hopkins, Ezek, [464], [517].
Hopkins, John B., [465].
Horses, Spanish trade in with English colonies, [400].
Hortalez et cie, [506].
Howard of Effingham, Lord, governor of Virginia, [187]-[188].
Howe, Admiral Lord, attempt at conciliation, [483];
at Philadelphia, [503];
and D'Estaing, [510].
Howe, General Sir William, at Boston, [461];
New York campaign, [483]-[486], [488]-[489];
failure to coöperate with Burgoyne, [493];
Philadelphia campaign, [499]-[503];
recalled, [509].
Huasteca country (Tamaulipas), conquered by Cortés, [37].
Hubbardtown, [495].
Hudson Bay, exploration of, [212]-[213].
Hudson, Henry, exploration 1609, [165];
discovery of Hudson Bay, [213].
Hudson's Bay Company, established, [213];
trading houses, [214];
methods, [214];
French rivalry, [214], [288];
struggle for fur country, [257]-[261];
posts, [260]-[261];
in Wars of English and Spanish Successions, [273];
activity following Peace of Utrecht, [423];
Hearne's explorations, [423]-[424];
rivalry with Northwest Company, [424].
Huehuetoca, Canal of (Mexico), [53].
Huguenots, in France, [78], [79];
colonizing efforts, [62], [82]-[83];
in New England, [216];
in South Carolina, [230].
Humana, Gutiérrez de, expedition to New Mexico and Quivira, [72]-[73].
Hundred Associates. See Company of the Hundred Associates.
Hurdaide, Captain Diego, commander in Sinaloa, [237], [239].
Huron Indians, wars with Iroquois, [258], [259].
Hurtado, Juan P., expedition against Apaches, [290].
Hutchinson, Anne, doctrines, [148];
controversy in Boston congregation, [148];
banishment, [148];
at Portsmouth and Newport, [148].
Hutchinson, Thomas, [443], [444], [448].
Ibarra, Diego de, Conquistador of Zacatecas, [55];
cattle business, [58].
Ibarra, Francisco de, miner at Zacatecas, [55]-[56];
list of mines opened, [56];
governor of Nueva Vizcaya, [56];
explorations, colonies, mines in northern Mexico, [56], [58];
death, [58].
Iberville, founder of Louisiana, [102], [261], [265], [266], [270], [275], [276].
Iceland, discovery and colonization, [2].
Illinois, La Salle in,

[98];
Sulpicians and Jesuits (Cahokia and Kaskaskia), [101];
Tonty's fur trade, [101];
St. Denis' post at Cairo, [102];
Indians of, [258];
a judicial department of Louisiana, [280], [281];
prosperity under Company of the Indies, [281]-[282];
Fort Chartres, Ste. Genevieve, Vincennes, [281]-[282];
Missouri lead-mines, [282];
English plans to occupy, [409];
conspiracy of Pontiac, [409]-[410];
the Loftus expedition, [410];
establishment of English government, [410];
Quebec Act, [411];
character of population, [420];
conquered by G.R. Clark, [514].
Imago Mundi, possible influence on Columbus, [2], [7].
Immigration and population, Spanish colonies, [21], [75];
Sinaloa and Sonora, [240], [305]-[306];
Chihuahua, [289];
New Mexico, [73], [243], [244], [290];
California, [391]-[393];
French Canada, [93], [94];
Quebec, [419];
Loyalists in Canada, [421], [538];
French West Indies, [93], [94];
Louisiana, [279], [395]-[396];
the Illinois country, [281];
Bermudas, [130];
Lesser Antilles, [133], [340], [341];
Barbados, [216], [340], [341];
English mainland colonies, about 1700, [216];
Virginia, [121], [227];
Maryland, [127], [128], [227];
New England. [138], [143], [216], [217]:
New Jersey, [200]-[201], [221];
New York, [221];
Pennsylvania and Delaware, [206], [224];
the Carolinas, [208], [230];
West Florida, [407]-[408];
Ohio Valley, [413]-[419];
German and Swiss migration, [316]-[322];
Scotch, Irish, [322]-[326];
English colonies in middle [18]th century, [329]-[330];
on the eve of the Revolution, [425]-[426];
dispersion of the Loyalists, [538];
New Netherlands, [167];
New Sweden, [175].
Indé, Mexico, mines of, [56].
Indented servants, [122], [229], [336], [409].
Independents, [135], [137]. See Pilgrims.
India, visited by the Polos, [3];
travelers' tales regarding, [3];
discovery of new route to, [51];
Portuguese empire in, [24];
British administration of, [34];
during the French and Indian War. See French and Indian War;
Events of the War in India.
Indian Ocean, Ptolemy's conception of, [1].
Indiana Company, [418].
Indians, in Spanish colonies, so-named by Columbus, [10];
Spanish policy in West Indies, [22]-[23];
rebellion in 1495, [22];
slavery [23], [31], [37], [56], [60]-[61], [72], [75];
Maya and Nahua civilization, [26]-[28];
native caciques used in conquest, [39];
Mixton War, [40];
Pueblo civilization in New Mexico, [46];
New Laws concerning, [50], [53];
native alcaldes, [55];
Tlascaltecans as colonists, [50]-[60];
decline in West Indies, [67];
rebellion at Ácoma, [73];
schools for, [76];
missions as frontier defense, [236];
Yaqui wars, [239];
Pueblo revolt in New Mexico, [245];
wars on North Mexican frontier, [245]-[246], [248];
in Eastern Texas, [251];
Apalachee revolt, [254];
Yamassee revolt, [255];
Moqui and Zuñi resistance, [290];
Navajo, Yuta, and Comanche depredations in New Mexico, [290]-[291];
captives sold as slaves, [291];
the Jumanos, [243], [244], [285], [291];
destroy Vulazur's parry, [296];
Apache wars in Texas, [298]-[299];
the Tonkawa missions, [299];
Pima revolt in Arizona, [305];
Yuma massacre, [393]-[394];
Spanish policy in Louisiana, [400]-[401];
war on Apaches, [401];
hostilities in New Netherlands, [171]-[172];
in French colonies;
Huron and Iroquois wars, [88], [91], [258]-[259], [265];
Anglo-French rivalry for northern tribes, [257]-[259];
Abenaki wars, [262]-[265];
Frontenac's policy, [263];
competition for southern Indians, [269], [270], [276];
Natchez war on French, [278], [280];
the Chickasaw War, [281];
French among Western tribes (Asinais, Orcoquisas, Cadodachos,
Bidayes, Touacaras, Wichitas, Osages, Missouris, Pawnees, Otos,
Iowas, Kansas, Mandaos), [282]-[284];
Winnebagoes,296;
Apache-Comanche barrier to French advance, [285], [286];
Fox Wars, [287];
Sioux posts, [287];
Vérendrye among Manfan Cheyennes, Crows, Little Foxes, Bows, [288];
in English colonies: early attacks in Virginia, [117]-[119], [122];
relations with Pilgrims, [138]-[139];
land title theory of Roger Williams, [147];
Wilhams and the Narragansetts, [147];
Pequot War, [159]-[160];
English missionary work among, [156];
Opechancanough's War, [185];
the Susquehanna War, [185]-[186];
King Philip's War, [191]-[192];
Iroquois treaty with Dongan, [198];
Penn's treaty, [205];
war in the Carolinas, [210];
policy of Hudson's Bay Company, [214];
the English among the Creeks, [255];
English war on Apalachees, [270];
Indian slavery in Carolina, [270];
the Tuscarora War, [271], [320];
barriers to Westward Movement, [310]-[414];
Yamassee War, [314];
Creeks and Cherokees, [314], [316];
alliances on Georgia frontier, [362];
during French and Indian War, [372];
Kerlérec and southern Indians, [378];
Cherokee War, [378];
English policy after 1763, [404]-[407];
Pontiac's War, [409]-[410];
land cessions in West, [412];
ravages in Kentucky, [416];
Lord Dunmore's War, [417];
policy of Continental Congress, [465]-[466];
in American Revolution, [496], [512]-[515].
See names of individual tribes. Indigo, [535].
Innocent IV, Pope, legate sent to the Great Khan, [3].
Inquisition, The, [52]; Council of the, [14].
Intendancies, in New Spain, [387].
Intolerable Acts, [449]-[451].
Iriarte, seeks La Salle's colony, [249].
Irish, in New England, [216]; in New York, [222].
See Scotch-Irish.
Iroquois Indians (Confederation, The Six Nations), [86], [91];
Dongan's treaty with, [198], [257], [258]-[259], [265], [365], [369];
cession of 1765, [412];
in the Revolution, [514]-[515].
Isabella of Spain, aids Columbus, [7], [8], [16].
Island Flats, [513].
Italy, [13], [16].
Iturbi, Juan de, pearl hunting voyages, [240];
believes California an island, [240].
Jack, Col. Samuel, [512].
Jackson, William, English privateer, [252].
Jalisco, conquest of, [37], [39].
Jamaica, Island, under Spain, [17], [67];
granted to Providence Island Company, [133];
English conquest, [153], [234], [253];
committee for, [153];
conditions in the eighteenth century, [340]-[341].
Jamaica Pass, [484].
James I of England, general policy, [112], [113];
treaty with Spain, [114];
the London Company, [123];
non-conformists, [136].
James, Duke of York, proprietor of New York, [178];
Lord High Admiral, [182];
proprietary grant of New Netherlands, [196]-[197];
attitude toward representative government in New York, [197]-[198];
interest in Hudson's Bay Company, [213].
See James II.
James II, consolidation of colonies, [194];
"Glorious Revolution," [194]-[195];
difficulties with Carolina settlers, [210]-[211].
See James, Duke of York.
Jamestown, founded, [116]-[117];
Spanish resistance, [118], [251].
Janos, Chihuahua, founded, [242].
Japan, early contact with America, [2];
Polo's knowledge of, [3];
Portuguese trading settlements in, [24].
See Cipango.
Java, visited by the Polos, [3];
Dutch in, [164].
Jay, John, member of First Continental Congress, [452];
in Spain, [533];
peace negotiations, [534]-[538];
secretary of foreign affairs, [555].
Jefferson, Thomas, member of Second Continental Congress, [463];
writes Declaration of Independence, [479], [480].
Jeffreys, Herbert, acting governor of Virginia, [187].
Jenkins, Thomas, [361].
See also The War of Jenkins' Ear.
Jérez, Mexico, founded, [59].
Jesuits, in Spanish colonies;
general field, [236];
Nueva Vizcaya, [58];
Florida (Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia),64-[65];
Sinaloa and Sonora (Fuerte, Mayo, Yaqui, Sonora valleys), [237]-[240];
map, [238];
Chihuahua, [242];
in Pimería Alta (Arizona), [301]-[396];
Lower California, [305]-[307];
expulsion, 1767, [386];
in French colonies: Canada, [87]-[88], [90], [91];
on the Maine border, [271];
on lakes Michigan and Syperior, [96];
in the Illinois country, [101], [280], [282];
Father Piquet's mission in New York, [368];
Louisiana (Alabama), [278];
in Maryland, [127]-[128];
expelled, [162].
Jews, in New England, [216];
in New York, [223].
Jiménez, discovers Lower California, [42].
John the Great, ruler of Portugal, [4].
Johnstone, George, governor of West Florida, [407],408.
Joliet, exploration of the Mississippi, [96]-[97].
Jones, John Paul, appointment, [465];
the Bonhomme Richard and Serapis, [518]-[519];
at Texel, [520]-[521].
Jonquiére, Marquis de la, governor-general of Canada, [368].
Johnson, William, Indian agent, [365], [372], [374], [379].
Jordan River, Cape Fear, Ayllón at, [40].
Jumano Indians, Texas, expeditions to, [243], [244], [285].
Kalb, Baron de, [508], [525]-[526].
Kanawha, battle of the, [513].
Kaskaskia, [410];
captured by Clark, [514].
Kaunitz, Austrian Minister of State, [375].
Keller, Father, Jesuit missionary and explorer in Arizona, [304].
Kelsey, Henry, expedition to Winnipeg, [214].
Kent Island, [128].
Kentucky, beginnings of, [416];
Indian ravages, [416];
Lord Dunmore's war, [417];
Henderson and Transylvania, [417]-[418];
Virginia's claim of sovereignty over, [418];
organization as Kentucky. County, Virginia, [418];
in the Revolution, [513].
Kentucky County, Virginia, erected, [418].
Kerlérec, Governor of Louisiana, [285], [301], [378].
Kerr, English commodore, in war of the Spanish Succession, [268].
Kidd, Captain, pirate, [350].
Kieft, William, director-general of New Netherlands, [171];
trouble with Indians, [171]-[172];
the Council of Twelve, [171].
King Philip's War, [191]-[192].
King William's War. See War of the English Succession.
King's College, [339].
"King's posts," fur trade at, in English colonies, [421].
King's Mountain, battle, [527].
Kingston, Jamaica, founded, [262].
Kino, Father Eusebio, Jesuit missionary and explorer, [301]-[304];
in Lower California, [241]-[242];
his map of Pimería Alta, [303];
missions and ranches established in Arizona, [302];
search for land route to California, [302];
his death, [304];
aid given to Lower California, [306].
Kirke, Captain, expedition against French, [87], [141].
Kittery, Maine, claimed by Massachusetts, [157].
Kocherthal, Joshua von, [318].
Knights of Alcántara, [14].
Knights of Calatrava, [14].
Knights of Santiago, [14];
Otomi chief made member of, [39].
Knollys, English freebooter, [66].
Knowles, Admiral Charles, attack on Española, [366].
Kublai Khan, visit of the Polos to, [3].
Labadists, [318].
La Barre, governor of New France, [94], [258], [261].
Labrador, [420].
La Clede, fur trader, founds St. Louis, [396].
Laconia Company, [141].
La Cosa, explorations of, [24].
Lafayette, Marquis de, enlists in the American cause, [508];
influences France to send a second expedition, [511];
in Virginia, [530];
in Yorktown campaign, [531].
La Harpe, Bénard de, French explorer and trader in the West,
283-[284], [295].
La Junta missions, Chihuahua, [245], [290].
Lake Athabasca, discovery, [424].
Lake Chápala, Mexico, [36].
Lake Erie, La Salle on, [98].
Lake Michigan, French posts on, [96].
"Lake of New Mexico," Coahuila, [59].
Lake Ontario, discovered, [87].
Lake Superior, trading posts on, [90], [287];
Jesuit missions on, [96].
Lake Tezcuco, Cortés's fleet on, [33].
La Navidad, fort built by Columbus, in Española, [10].
"Land of War," Central America, [39].
Land grants and speculation in the Ohio Valley, [411]-[413].
Langlade, Charles, French trader leads attack on English, [368].
La Paz, California, attempts to colonize, [42], [71], [240]-[242], [307].
La Plata River, discovered by Vespuccius, [24].
La Pointe, Jesuit mission on Lake Superior, [96].
Larios, Father Juan, Franciscan missionary, in Coahuila and
Texas, [248].
La Salle, Jean Cavelier, Sieur de, [97], [98];
at Fort Frontenac, [97];
in Illinois, [98];
descends Mississippi, [98];
colony in Texas, [98]-[99], [249], [283];
assassination, [100].
Las Casas, Father Bartolomé de, [23];
opposition to the encomienda, [23], [50];
conquest of Guatemala, [39].
Las Casas, Francisco de, lieutenant of Cortés in Honduras, [38].
La Tour, Charles de, rule in Acadia, contest with Charnisay, [86].
Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, tyranny, [113];
heads commission to handle dependencies, [114];
struggle with Massachusetts Bay Colony, [142]-[143], [145]-[146].
Laudonnière, French colonizer in Florida, [62], [84].
Laurain, French explorer on the Missouri River, [282].
Laurens, Henry, sent to the Netherlands, [521];
his capture, [522].
Laval, Abbé, bishop in Canada, [91].
La Vérendrye, fur trade monopoly, [287];
his "Post of the Western Sea," [287]-[288].
Law, John, the Mississippi Bubble, [278]-[279].
Lazarus (Philippine) Islands, [67].
Lea, Captain Charles, attempts to colonize Guiana, [132].
League of Armed Neutrals, [519]-[520].
League of Hanover, [360]-[375].
Leake, Captain John, [271].
Lee, Arthur, diplomat,

[506];
attempts to get Spanish assistance, [507].
Lee, Charles, [411], [464], [488], [489], [490], [509].
Lee, Richard Henry, member of Western Land Company, [411];
member of the First Continental Congress, [452];
Independence Resolution, [478].
Leeward Islands, made a province, [206];
granted an assembly, [206];
extension of power, [206];
social and economic conditions in the eighteenth century, [340].
Legazpi, Miguel López de, expedition to Philippines, [68];
conquest of islands, [68].
Leisler's Rebellion, [198], [263].
Le Jeune, French Jesuit superior at Quebec, [88].
Le Moyne, Charles, [275];
seignorial grant, [93].
León, Alonso de. See De León.
León (Cerralvo), City of, [60], [61], [247].
León, Nicaragua, founding of, [31].
León, kingdom of in New Spain, [13].
Lesser Antilles, slave hunting in, [23];
English settlements in, [132]-[133];
Dutch colonization, [167];
subdivisions, [247].
See individual islands.
Le Sueur, fur trader in Minnesota and Wisconsin, [101];
quoted, [97].
Levant Company, [107].
Levasseur, French trader, occupies Tortuga, [94].
Levis, Chevalier de, [375], [381].
Lewis, Colonel Andrew, [417].
Lewis and Clark, exploration of, [402].
Lexington, battle of, [460]-[461].
Leyva, expedition to New Mexico, [72]-[73].
Lief, son of Eric, discovery of Vinland, [2].
Linares, Duke of, viceroy of New Spain, [293].
Linares, Diocese of, [387].
Lincoln, General Benjamin, organizes New England militia, [495];
operations in Georgia, [524];
at Charleston, [524]-[525];
secretary of war, [554].
Lindsay, explorer in Ohio valley, [413].
Line of Demarcation, [11].
Link, Father, Jesuit explorer in Lower California, [307].
Lisbon, Columbus' reception at, [10].
Little Rock, Arkansas, La Harpe visits vicinity, [284].
Littleton, James, Commodore, [269].
Livingston, Robert R., member of committee for drafting the
Declaration of Independence, [479];
secretary of foreign affairs, [555].
Llano River country, Texas, mineral deposits, [298], [299].
"Llanos de Cíbola" (Buffalo Plains), [45].
Lloyd, Thomas, president of the Pennsylvania council, [205].
Loaisa, expedition to Far East, [46].
Locke, John, prepares a constitution for the Carolinas, [208].
London Company, Charter of 1606, [116];
Charter of 1609, [117]-[118];
Charter of 1612, [120]; charter annulled, [123].
London Gazette, [408].
Long Island, early English settlements, [150]-[151], [222];
granted to Duke of York, [196]-[197];
battle of, [483]-[484].
López, Fray Nicolás, Franciscan missionary, [245].
Lords of Trade, [182].
Loreto, California, founded, [306];
capital moved from, [392].
Los Adaes, mission founded, [295];
presidio and capital of Texas, [297], [298].
Los Angeles, California, founding of pueblo of, [392]-[393].
Loudoun, English commander, [376].
Louis XVI, attitude toward American Revolution, [505]-[506].
Louisiana, Under France, founding of, [275]-[278];
Pensacola founded, [275];
Biloxi founded, [276];
Iberville's Indian alliances, [276];
Bienville's first administration, [276];
Crozat's grant, [276]-[278];
attempts at commercial expansion, [278];
Indian difficulties, [278];
population, [278], [279], [281];
map, [277];
under Company of the Indies, [278]-[280];
the Mississippi Bubble, [278]-[279];
New Orleans founded, [279];
war with Spain, [279];
organization of the government, [279]-[280];
ecclesiastical divisions, [280];
the Natchez War, [280];
under the royal governors, [280]-[282];
Bienville's second administration, [280]-[281];
Chickasaw War, [281];
the Illinois district, [251]-[252];
slavery, [282];
Missouri lead mines, [282];
Under Spain, 1762-1783, [395]-[402];
ceded to Spain, [382]-[383], [395];
state of the province, [395]-[306];
population, [396];
industries, [396];
dissatisfaction with the cession, [306];
expulsion of the Spanish governor, Ulloa, [397];
O'Reilly, administration of, [397]-[398];
first governors, Unzaga and Gálvez, [398];
encouragement of commerce, [398], [400];
the English danger, [400];
Texas border abandoned, [400];
fur trade continued, [400]-[401];
De Mézières and the control of the Red River tribes, [401];
plans for war on Apaches, [401];
opening of routes to Santa Fé and the upper Missouri, [402].
Louisiana-Texas boundary question, [300], [301].
Louisbourg, Cape Breton Island, siege and defense of, [364]-[365].
Lovelace, Francis, governor of New York, [197].
Loyal Company, The, [367].
Loyalists, formation of the group, [459];
accompany the British army to Halifax, [471];
element in the colonies, [472]-[473];
classification of, [473];
religious aspects, [473]-[474];
their argument, [474];
persecution of, [474]-[475];
congressional attitude toward, [475]-[476];
in the Cherokee War, [512]-[513];
in the Southwest, [513]-[514];
in New York, [514]-[515];
at King's Mountain, [527];
attempts of British to protect, [536], [537];
dispersion, [538];
in Florida, [408], [409];
in Canada, [421].
Lucenilla, attempt to colonize California, [241].
Lumbering in New England, [217], [331];
in North Carolina, [334];
in South Carolina, [335].
Lutherans, [222], [226].
Lybyer, cited on trade routes, [5].
Lyford, John, [140]-[141].
Lyman, General, colony in West Florida, [408].
Lynn, settled, [142].
Lyttleton, Governor of South Carolina, [378].
McAfees, the, pioneers in Kentucky, [416].
McDonald, Donald, [471].
Machias Bay settlement, [139].
Machin, Robert, English voyager to Madeira, [4].
Machuco, Diego, explores Nicaragua, [32].
Madagascar, French attempt to colonize, [80].
Madeira, visited by Englishmen, [4].
Magdalena Bay, California, [71].
Magellan, Ferdinand, voyage of, map showing, [6];
discovery of Straits, [25];
conflict aroused by his voyage, [46].
Maine, early settlements, [136], [319], [140];
Canada and Laconia companies, [141];
land grants, [157];
settlements claimed by Massachusetts, [157];
northern part granted to the Duke of York, [196]-[197];
frontier defense, [312]-[313];
German migration to, [321], [322];
Scotch-Irish migration to, [325].
Malabar, Portuguese at, [24].
Malacca, [24].
Malay Peninsula, [24].
Maldonado, oidor of New Spain, [49].
Mallet brothers, expedition to New Mexico,285-[286].
Malocello, discovery of the Canary Islands, [3].
Manchester, founded, [325].
Mandan Indians, Dakota, reached by Spaniards, [402].
Mandeville, French Commander, [278].
Manhattan Island, purchase and settlement, [167].
Manila, Philippines, Audiencia of, established, [68];
captured by British, [382];
restored to Spain, [382].
Manila galleon, [66], [68];
route of, [68], [70], [307].
See also Acapulco.
Manoa, fabulous city of Guiana, [110].
Manors, in Maryland, [128].
Manufactures, in New England, [217]-[218];
in Pennsylvania, [226];
in the Chesapeake Bay region, [229];
in middle eighteenth century, [330].
Mansker, pioneer in Kentucky, [413], [419].
Maracaibo, plundered by Jackson, [252].
Maracaibo, Gulf of, [23], [24].
Marcos, Friar, discovery of Cíbola, [44].
Margil, Antonia, Franciscan missionary in Texas, [293], [295].
Maria Theresa, [364], [375].
Marine Committee, [543].
Marion, Francis, [527]-[529].
Maritime science, advance of in [15]th century, [4].
Markham, William, deputy-governor of Pennsylvania, [204].
Marquette, Jesuit Missionary, on the Mississippi, [97];
death, [97].
Marqués Cabrera, governor of Florida, sends expedition against
English, [255].
Martha's Vineyard, granted to the Duke of York, [196]-[197].
Martin and Castillo, pearl hunting expedition in Texas, [243]-[244].
Martinique Island, [93], [252], [262], [382].
Mary, Queen of Scots, [53].
Maryland, Baltimore's application for a grant in Virginia, [125]-[126];
founding, [125]-[129];
charter, [126]-[127];
first settlers, [127];
trouble with Virginia, [127]-[128];
early social conditions, [128];
government, [128]-[129];
under Puritan control, [102];
economic conditions, [188];
Charles Calvert, [188]-[189];
Notley's administration, [189];
rebellion of 1689, [189];
dispute with Pennsylvania over boundary, [203];
population, [227];
settled area, [227];
plantation system, [228];
commerce, [228];
system of labor, [229];
social conditions, [229];
religion, [229];
education, [229];
German migration to, [319]-[320];
social and economic conditions in the eighteenth century, [333]-[334];
under William III, [346];
trouble with the governor, [444];
navy, [518].
Mason and Dixon's line, [203].
Mason, John, land grants, [140], [146], [157];
interest in Canada and Laconia companies, [141];
death, [146].
Massachusetts, charter, [141]-[142];
Cambridge agreement, [142];
the "Great Migration," [142];
towns settled, [142];
form of government, [143];
the New England towns, [143]-[145];
representative system introduced, [145];
struggle with Laud, [145]-[146];
controversy with Roger Williams, [146]-[147];
controversy with Anne Hutchinson, [148];
Body of Liberties, [154]-[155];
member of the New England Confederation, [156];
claims New Hampshire and Maine settlements, [157]-[158];
fur trade, [158];
difficulties with Charles II, [180]-[190];
reception of royal commissioners, [191];
King Philip's War, [191]-[192];
complaints against, [192];
trouble with Randolph, [192]-[193];
annulment of the charter, [193];
temporary government, [193];
acquisition of Mason's rights, [193]-[194];
Dominion of New England, [194];
administration of Andros, [194];
overthrow of Andros, [194]-[195];
population, [216];
commerce, [217];
manufactures, [217];
religion, [220];
superstitions, [220];
education, [220];
literature, [221];
treaty with Maine Indians, [271];
German migration to, [322];
Scotch-Irish migration to, [324];
charter of 1691, [344];
protests against Grenville's policy, [431]-[432];
resists the Stamp Act, [436];
protests against the Townshend Acts, [440]-[441];
trouble with Governor Bernard, [440]-[442];
convention, [442];
trouble with Hutchinson, [444];
the tea controversy, [448];
Government Act, [449]-[450];
resistance to the Regulating Act, [459]-[460];
fighting around Boston, [460]-[461];
navy, [518].
Massachusetts Bay Colony. See Massachusetts.
Massanet, Father Damian, Franciscan missionary in Coahuila and Texas,
[249], [251].
Massasoit, chief of the Wampanoags, treaty with Plymouth, [138]-[139].
Matagorda Bay, LaSalle's colony on, [99], [100].
Matehuala, Mexico, founded, [59].
Mauro, Fra, map of the world, [5].
Maximilian I, [16].
May, Cornelius, [165]-[166].
Maya Indians, [26]-[27]. See Mexico.
Mayflower Compact, [138].
Mayhew, Thomas, missionary to Indians, [156].
Mayo Valley, Sonora, Jesuit missions in, [239].
Mazapil, Mexico, founded, [59].
Mazarin, administration of government of France, [80]-[81].
Mecklenburg Resolves, [463];
declaration of independence, [463].
Medellin, Mexico, founded, [36].
Medina-Celi, Count of, influence in favor of Columbus, [7].
Medina River, western boundary of Texas, [297].
Mediterranean, trade route to Far East, [5].
Memphis, DeSoto near, [42].
Méndez, Father, Jesuit missionary to Mayos, [239].
Mendoza, Antonio de, viceroy, crushes revolt in Nueva Galicia, [40];
sends expedition to explore Pacific, [46]-[47];
outfits expedition for Florida, [61];
achievements as administrator, [50];
sent to Peru, [50];
death, [50].
Mendoza, Hurtado de, expedition on west coast, [42].
Mendoza, Juan Domínguez de, expedition to Jumanos in central Texas,
[245].
Menéndez de, Áviles, destroys Huguenot settlement, [62];
colonizes Atlantic coast, [64];
explores Alleghanies, [64];
expedition to Chesapeake Bay, [65].
Mennonites, in Pennsylvania, [206].
Mercado, Ginés Vásquez de, search for treasure in Durango, [55].
Mercantilist system, [179]-[180].
Merry Mount, [139].
Mexico, the Nahuas (Aztecs), [27];
Nahua history, [27];
the Triple Alliance, [28];
Conquest of the Valley of Mexico, [32]-[35];
Cortés, [32];
the march to Mexico, [33];
loss and recapture of the city, [33];
Cortés's contest with Velásquez, [34];
made governor and captain-general, [34];
the spread of the conquest, [36]-[40];
factors, [36];
Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, and Tehuantepec, [36];
Olid in Michoacán, [36]; Colima and
Jalisco, [37];
Amichel and Pánuco, [37];
Olid, Casas, and Cortés in Honduras, [38];
Yucatán, [38];
Guzmán in Sinaloa, [39];
Querétaro, [39];
the Mirton War, [40];
establishment of the viceroyalty, [47]-[50];
Cortés as administrator, [47];
his powers curtailed, [48];
first and second audiencias, [48]-[49];
Cortés made Marquis of the Valley, [49];
Mendoza first viceroy, [49]; New Laws, [50];
Mendoza sent to Peru, [50];
Mexico under Philip II, [52];
Luis de Velasco, second viceroy, [53];
Martín Cortés, second Marquis of the Valley, [53];
the adelantados, [54];
audiencia and diocese of Nueva Galicia, [55];
the Zacatecas Mines, [55];
Francisco de Ibarra, [55]-[58]; Nueva
Vizcaya founded, [56]-[58];
Querétaro, Guanajuato, and Aguas Calientes, [58];
San Luis Potosí and Southern Coahuila, [59];
Tlascaltecan colonies, [59];
Parras, [60];
Nuevo León, [60];

New Spain at end of [16]th century, [75];
frontier administration in the [17]th century, [234]-[237];
the governors, [234];
central control, [235];
frontier autonomy, [235];
the missions, [236];
the Jesuits in Sinaloa and Sonora, [237];
Fathers Tápia and Pérez, [237];
Captain Hurdaide, [237];
missions in Fuerte, Mayo, Yaqui and Sonora valleys, [238]-[239];
Spanish settlements on the Pacific coast, [240];
efforts to occupy Lower California, [240]-[242];
pearl fishing, [240];
Iturbi's voyages, [240];
later attempts, [240];
the settlement of Chihuahua, [242];
mines of, [289];
the Conchos Valley, [290];
Diocese of Guardiana, [242];
Coahuila occupied, [247]-[249];
the Nuevo León frontier, [247];
Zavala's rule, [247];
Monclova founded, [248];
the College of the Holy Cross of Querétaro, [248];
Pimería Alta, [301];
Kino, [301]-[302];
a land route to California, [302];
missions and ranches, [302]-[303];
the Arizonac Mines, [304];
Keller and Sedelmayr, [304];
the Pima revolt, [305];
the Northwestern frontier in 1763, [305]-[306];
the Jesuits in Lower California, [306]-[307];
Salvatierra and his companions, [306];
readjustment following the Seven Years' War, [384]-[387];
Reforms of Charles III and Gálvez, [384]-[386];
Rubí's tour, [385];
expulsion of the Jesuits, [386];
the Provincias Internas, [386]-[387];
new dioceses, [387];
the intendancies, [387].
Mexico City (Tenochtitlán), [27];
Chapultepec, [28];
siege and capture by Cortés, [33];
rebuilt as a Spanish city, [34];
markets established, [47];
seat of audiencia and viceroyalty, [48]-[49];
canal of Huehuetoca, [53];
population, [75];
seat of archbishopric, [76];
of University, [53], [67].
Mexico, Gulf of, mapping of coast, [25]-[26], [249], [255], [385].
Michillimackinac, fur trade, [422].
Michoacán, [37];
Guzmán's march through, [39].
Middlebrook, [493].
Middletown, New Jersey, [198].
Miera y Pachecho, Captain Bernardo de, expedition to Utah Basin, [392].
Milan, [53].
Milford, founded, [150].
Milhet, Jean, delegate to France with protest on the Louisiana
cession, [396].
Mines and mining, in northern Mexico, [55]-[56], [58].
Minisink, burned, [515].
Minho River, [13].
Minuit, Peter, director-general of New Netherlands, [167], [169];
in Sweden, [175].
Missions, part in Spanish colonial expansion, [235]-[237].
See also Dominicans; Jesuits; Franciscans; California;
Florida; Georgia; New Mexico. In French Colonies, see Canada,
Catholic Church, Jesuits, Illinois, Louisiana.
Mississippi Bubble, [278]-[279].
Mississippi Company, [411].
Mississippi River (Rio del Espíritu Santo), discovery of, [26], [41], [42];
plans to occupy its mouth, [249].
Mississippi Valley, French approach to, [96], [102];
work of the Jesuits, [96]-[97], [101];
Joliet and Marquette, [96]-[97].
La Salle, [98];
Duluth, [100].
Missouri lead mines, [282].
Mixton war, [40].
Mobile, new site for St, Louis, [276];
judicial department of, [279];
during English rule, [403], [407]-[408];
captured by Gálvez, [516].
Mobile Bay, [42], [249], [255], [276].
Molasses Act, [356].
Moluccas, [42];
Spain claims sold to Portugal, [46].
Monclova, city of, [246], [247]. [248], [296], [297].
Monckton, Lieutenant-Colonel, [372], [374].
Mongolia, visit of the Polos to, [3].
Monhegan Island settlement, [140].
Monk, George, Duke of Albermarle, Carolina proprietor, [208];
interest in Hudson's Bay Company, [213].
Monmouth, battle of, [509]-[510].
Montcalm, Marquis de, in French and Indian War, [375], [376], [377], [380].
Monte Cristi, [428].
Montejo, Francisco de, conqueror of Yucatán, [36], [38].
Montemayor, Luis de, governor of Nuevo León, [61].
Monterey, Mexico, [59];
founding of, [61];
Franciscan monastery at, [61].
Monterey, California, [2];
founding, [389];
made capital [392].
Monterey Bay, California, [47], [71], [305], [380].
Montezuma II, Aztec ruler, [28];
death of, [33].
Montgomery, English colonel, [379].
Montgomery, Richard, [470].
Montgomery, Sir Robert, grant of Azilia to, [315].
Montreal, Canada, [82], [90], [257], [263], [265], [272], [419];
association of Montreal, [90];
captured by the English, [381];
center of fur trade, [422].
Montserrat Island, occupied by English, [133], [252];
in Leeward Isles government, [206];
social conditions, [340];
restored to Great Britain, [537].
Moore, Commodore John, [379].
Moore, Governor of South Carolina, destroys Apalachee missions, [270].
Moore's Creek, [471].
Moors (Mohammedans, Berbers), expulsion from Portugal, [4];
from Spain, [13], [14], [53];
Moqui pueblos, [46], [72];
discovery of, [45];
revolt of the Indians, [45].
Moraga, Lieutenant, founds San José, California, [392].
Moral, Father, Franciscan missionary in Florida, [254].
Moravian missionaries, among Delawares in the West, [416].
Morgan, Gen. Daniel, [495], [528].
Moro Castle, Havana, captured by British, [382].
Morris, Robert, financier of the Revolution, [554].
Morristown, winter quarters of Washington's army, [492].
Morton, Thomas, founds Merry Mount, [139];
driven out, [139];
opposition to Massachusetts Bay Company, [141].
Moscoso, explores Arkansas and Texas, [42], [61].
Moultrie, Colonel Wm., [471], [472].
Moya Contreras, viceroy of Mexico, plans for exploration, [70]-[71].
Mulattoes and mestizos, in population of the New World, [306].
Munck, Jens, explorations in Hudson Bay, [213].
Muscovy Company, [106].
Mystic, settled, [142].
Nahua civilization, [26]-[28].
Nanipacna, Alabama, Spanish settlement at, [62].
Nantasket settlement, [140].
Nantes, Edict of, [79].
Nantucket, granted to the Duke of York, [196]-[197].
Naples, [16], [52], [361].
Narragansett Indians and Roger Williams, [146], [147];
attitude in King Philip's War, [191]-[192].
Narváez, Pánfilo de, sent to arrest Cortés, [33];
governor of Florida, [37];
attempted conquest of Florida, [41].
Nashborough (Nashville), founded, [419].
Nashborough Association, [549].
Natchez, founded, [278];
a judicial department of Louisiana, [279];
under the English, [406], [407], [408];
captured by Gálvez, [515].
Natchez Indians, [278];
war with French, [280].
Natchitoches, founded by St. Denis, [278];
judicial department of Louisiana, [279];
rule of De Mézières at, [401].
Naval stores, [355]-[356].
Navidad, port in Mexico, [40], [47], [68].
Navigation acts, of 1650 and 1651, [153];
of 1660, [180];
of 1696, [348]-[349];
under Anne, [351];
later acts, [354]-[355].
Navy of the United States, organized, [464];
vessels provided by New England, [517];
congressional provision for, [517];
early operations, [517]-[518];
state navies, [518];
Penobscot expedition, [518];
operations of John Paul Jones,
[518]-[519], [520]-[521];
decline of the navy, [519].
Navy Department, of the United States, [554]-[555].
Needham, James, reaches the upper Tennessee, 1673, [211].
Negro slavery, [23], [56], [273], [276], [279], [282].
Netherlands (Holland), [16];
revolt against Spain, [52];
independent state, [53];
struggle with Spain, [164];
commercial expansion, [164];
search for northeast passage, [164];
trade to Far East, [164]-[165];
explorations of Henry Hudson, [165];
discovery of Cape Horn, [165];
trade on Hudson River, [165]-[166];
settlements in Brazil, Guiana, and the Antilles, [166]-[167];
New Netherlands, [167]-[174];
struggle with the Swedes on the Delaware, [175], [177];
absorption of New Netherlands by English, [177]-[178];
alliance with England and France, [359];
treaty of Seville, [360];
attitude toward American Revolution, [520];
St. Eustatius, [520];
the Scotch brigade and the Jones incident, [520]-[521];
British seizures, [521];
secret agreement of Amsterdam, [521];
declaration of war, [521]-[522];
loans to the United States, [554].
See New Netherlands.
Neve, Felipe de, governor of California, [392].
Nevis Island, occupied by English, [133], [252];
in Leeward Isles government, [206];
taken by French, [268];
social conditions, [340];
captured by De Grasse, [532];
restored to Great Britain, [537].
Neville, John, English vice-admiral, [262].
Nevome Indians, Sonora, [239].
New Albion, Drake's name for California, [70].
New Amsterdam, [167]-[169];
surrender to the English, [197].
Newark, New Jersey, [199].
New Brunswick, [421].
New Company, successor to Company of Hundred Associates, [90].
Newcastle, Duke of, [353]-[354].
New England, supposed visit of North men, [3];
Confederation, [156]-[157];
settled area in 1700, [216];
population, [216];
agriculture, [216]-[217];
fur trade, [217];
fishing, [217];
lumbering, [217];
ship-building, [217];
commerce, [217], [331];
manufactures, [217]-[218];
standard of living, [218];
social standards, [218];
religion, [220];
superstitions, [220];
education, [220]-[221];
literature, [221];
French and Indian attacks, [271];
population, [329];
settled area about 1750, [329];
farming, [330]-[331];
lumbering, [331];
ship-building, [331];
fisheries, [331];
ships furnished during the Revolution, [517]-[518].
See the individual colonies.
Newfoundland fisheries, [106];
English attacks on, in the War of the Spanish Succession, [271],
[272], [420].
New Gothenborg, [175].
New Hampshire, early settlements, [140];
land grants in, [157];
attempt of Randolph to take it from Massachusetts, [193];
a royal colony, [194];
population, [216];
Scotch-Irish migration to, [325].
New Jersey, granted to the Duke of York, [197];
granted to Carteret and Berkeley, [197];
government of East New Jersey, [198]-[199];
difficulties with New England men, [199];
Quakers in West New Jersey, [199], [201];
division of New Jersey, [201];
government of West New Jersey, [201];
trouble with the Duke of York, [201];
Burlington, [202];
proprietors of East New Jersey, [202];
German migration to, [319];
economic and social conditions in the eighteenth century, [332];
under William III, [345];
surrender of proprietary rights, [350];
a royal colony, [350].
See West New Jersey, East New Jersey.
New Haven, founded, [150];
government, [150];
code of 1656, [155];
member of the New England Confederation, [156];
confederation and expansion, [158].
New Laws, for Spanish America, [50], [55].
New Mexico,
Pueblo Indians, [44], [46], [234], [245];
Coronado's expedition, [40], [46];
exploration in later [16]th century, [72]-[73];
colonization, [73]-[74];
founding of Santa Fé, [73], [243];
isolation, [242];
in the [17]th century, [243]-[247];
missions, [243];
Benavides's report, in 1630, [243];
missionary and trading expeditions, [243]-[244];
in 1680, [244]-[245];
beginnings of El Paso, [245];
revolt of Pueblo Indians, [234], [245]-[247];
La Junta missions, [245], [290];
Mendoza's expedition to Jumanos, [245];
advance of French toward, [285]-[286], [300]-[301];
Moqui and Zuñi resistance, [290];
new settlements, [290];
population, [290];
Indian depredations, [290]-[291];
advance to northeast stimulated by French, [291];
explorers in Colorado, [291]-[292].
New Netherlands, early settlements, [167];
government, [167];
administration of Peter Minuit, [167], [169];
patroon system, [169]-[170];
the frontiers strengthened, [170];
administration of Van Twiller, [170]-[171];
Kieft's administration, [171]-[172];
Indian war, [172];
administration of Stuyvesant, [172]-[173];
economic development, [173]-[174];
conquest of New Sweden, [175], [177];
absorption by England, [177]-[178], [196]-[197].
New Netherlands Company, [165]-[166].
New Orleans, founded, [279], [293];
slavery and agriculture, [279];
population, [279];
judicial department of Louisiana, [279];
under Spanish administration, [398];
emigration to, [408].
Newport, Sir Christopher, voyage to Virginia, 1607, [116]-[117];
voyage of 1609, [118].
Newport, Rhode Island, founded, [148];
siege of, [510];
evacuated by British, [511];
occupied by Rochambeau, [511].
New Providence Island, occupied by English, [206];
captured by French and Spanish, [268], [269].
New Spain. See Spanish colonies in North America; Mexico.
New Sweden, the New Sweden Company, [175];
founding of Fort Christina, [175];
administration of Governor Printz, [175];
renewed colonization, [175],177;
conquest by the Dutch, [177].
New Sweden Company, [175].
Newtown (Cambridge) settled,

[145].
New York, province granted to James, Duke of York, [196]-[197];
seizure by the English, [197];
administration of Nicolls, [197];
administration of Lovelace, [197];
struggle for representative government, [197]-[198];
administration of Dongan, [198];
Leisler's rebellion, [198];
attempt to regain control of the Jerseys, [201];
deed to East New Jersey, [202];
dispute with Pennsylvania, [203];
population, [221];
industries, [221]-[222];
social conditions, [222];
religion, [222]-[223];
education, [222]-[223];
large estates, [223];
German migration to, [318]-[319];
Scotch-Irish migration to, [325];
economic and social conditions in the eighteenth century, [331]-[332];
a royal colony, [344]-[345];
protest against Grenville's policy, [432]-[433];
assembly dissolved, [438]-[439];
attitude regarding the Association, [458].
See New Netherlands.
New York City, charter granted by Governor Nicolls, [197];
in the eighteenth century, [332];
captured by the British, [482]-[484].
See New Amsterdam.
Nicaragua, conquest of, [29]-[30], [31], [32], [42];
audiencia of, [50].
Nicaragua, Lake, [29], [32].
Nicholson, Francis, lieutenant governor of New York, and the Leisler
rebellion, [198];
expedition against Montreal, [272].
Nicolet, Jean, French explorer in Wisconsin, [88].
Nicolls, Richard, governor of New York, [197];
sends colonists to New Jersey, [198].
Nicoya, Gulf of, Central America, [29], [31].
Nicuesa, founder of Nombre de Dios, [28].
Niña, one of Columbus' ships, [8].
Ninety-Six, [527], [529].
Niño, Andrés, expedition of, [29]-[30], [42].
"Noche Triste," [33], [36].
Nochistlán, Nueva Galicia, [40].
Nombre de Dios (Porto Bello), [24];
colony at, [28]; founding of, [29], [56];
port for Spanish merchant fleet, [66];
population, [75].
Nootka Sound, explored, [395].
North, Lord, prime minister, [443];
coercive acts, [449]-[451];
conciliatory resolution, [455]-[456];
attempts conciliation, [508]-[509];
sends Carlisle commission to America, [509].
North, Captain Robert, attempt to colonize Guiana, [132].
North Carolina (for Spanish activities in See Carolinas);
population, [227];
settled area, [227];
economic conditions, [228]-[229];
religion, [229];
separation from South Carolina, [313]-[315];
German migration to, [320];
Swiss migration to, [321];
Scotch-Irish migration to, [326];
social and economic conditions in the [18]th century, [333]-[334];
a royal colony, [354];
the Regulators, [414]-[415];
protest against Grenville's policy, [433];
in the Revolution, [471], [512]-[513], [528]-[529].
See Albemarle District, Carolinas.
Northern Mystery, [68].
Northmen, early maritime exploration, [2];
appearance in England, [2];
discovery and colonization of Iceland, and of Greenland, [2]-[3];
discovery of Vinland, [2]-[3].
Northwest Company, fur trade of, [423].
Northeast passage, sought by the English, [106], [108], [213];
sought by the Dutch, [164].
Nova Scotia, [3], [26], [272], [421];
English policy of defense, [312]-[313];
German migration to, [322].
See Acadia.
Nuevo Almadén (Coahuila), [61], [247].
Nueva Andalucía, Central America, [29].
Nueva Andalucía (Sonora), [239].
Nueva Galicia, conquest of, [39];
Mixton War, [40];
audiencia and diocese of, [55], [56];
growth of, [58].
Nueva Vizcaya, founding of, [56], [58];
development, [58];
Franciscans and Jesuits in, [58];
conflicts with Nuevo León, [61];
capital, [242].
Nuevo León, Kingdom of, Tlascaltecan Indians as colonists in, [60];
extent of, [60];
development under Carabajal, [60], [61];
administration of Montemayor, [61];
conflicts with Nueva Vizcaya, [61];
frontier, [247];
Zavala's rule, [247].
Nuevo Santander (Tamaulipus), settlement of by Escandón, [299]-[300].
Oaxaca, Mexico, [36], [53], [75].
Ocampo, circumnavigates Cuba, [17], [25].
O'Conor, Hugo, comandante inspector in North Mexican provinces, [386].
Oglethorpe, James, motives, [315];
founding of Georgia, [316];
in war of Jenkins' Ear, [361]-[362], [363]-[364].
Ohio Company, The, [367].
Ohio River Valley, Spaniards in, [64];
French in, [98], [101], [102], [257], [281]-[282], [368]-[369];
English in, [102], [211], [367];
struggle for, [367]-[378];
development under English rule, [403]-[419].
Oidores, [48].
Ojeda, explorer, [23], [28].
Ojuelos, Mexico, [59].
Oklahoma, region, early Spanish explorations, [42], [45], [243];
French trade and exploration, [286], [300];
later Spanish activities, [398];
English intruders before Revolution, [401].
Oldham, John, [140]-[141];
opposition to Massachusetts Bay Company, [141].
Olid, Cristobal de, lieutenant of Cortés, [36];
in Michoacán and Colima, [36]-[37];
expedition to Honduras, [38].
Olivares, Father Francisco, missionary in Coahuila and Texas, [249],
[292], [293].
Oñate, Cristóbal de, a founder of Nueva Galicia, [40], [55].
Oñate, Juan de, colonizer of New Mexico, [73];
explorations of, [74];
displaced by royal governor, [73];
believes California an Island, [240].
Oneida Indians, [265].
Onondaga Indians, [259], [265].
Opechancanough's War in Virginia, [160].
O'Reilly, Alexander, installs Spanish régime in Louisiana, [397]-[398], [407].
Orinoco River, [171];
Raleigh's exploration of the delta, [110].
Oré, Fray Luis de, Franciscan missionary in Florida, [253].
Oriskany, Battle of, [496].
Orista, South Carolina, Jesuit mission in, [64].
Orleans, Isle of, surrendered to Spain, [383].
Ormuz, capture of, [24].
Orozco, conquistador with Cortés, [38].
Oswego, founded, [313].
Ortega, Francisco de, founds colony at La Paz, [240].
Osage Indians, [283], [284].
Ostend East India Company, [360].
Ostimuri, Sonora district, [305], [306].
Otermin, effort to reconquer New Mexico, [245], [246].
Otis, James, opposition to writs of assistance, [429];
circular letter, [436];
member of the Stamp Act Congress, [436].
Oto Indians, French among, [284].
Ottawa, River explored, [87];
Indians, [258].
Oxenham, English freebooter, [66].
Pacific Ocean, fifth century voyages, [2];
discovery by Portuguese, [24];
by Balboa, [25];
Magellan crosses, [25];
explorations on Central American coast, [29]-[30];
on Mexican coast, [37], [42]-[44];
on California coast, [44], [46]-[47], [70]-[71], [240]-[241], [306]-[307], [389]-[394];
crossed by Saavedra, [42];
by Villalobos, [47];
Legazpi conquers Philippines, [67]-[68];
Urdaneta discovers return route, [68];
the Manila galleon, [68];
the Strait of Anian, [70];
raids of Drake and Cavendish, [78];
islands of Rica de Oro and Rica de Plata, [71];
Dutch voyages and raids, [164], [165], [240];
French interest in, [100], [285];
Vérendrye's effort to reach, [287]-[288];
Anson's raid, [363];
in Seven Years' War, [382];
Russian trade and voyages, [383];
Spanish exploration of the Northern Pacific, Pérez, Heçeta, and
Bodega, [395];
Cook at Nootka Sound, [395].
Padouca Indians, French among, [283].
Paine, Thomas, "Common Sense," [477].
Palenque, Maya center, [27].
Palma, Salvador, Yuma chief, [393].
Palos, Spain, port of sail of Columbus, [5].
Panamá, [24], [25];
founding, [29];
Audiencia of, [49], [50];
population, [75].
Panay, Philippines, [68].
Panton, Leslie, and Company, merchants of Pensacola, [407].
Pánuco, slave-hunting, [23];
district of, separated from Mexico, [33];
headquarters for Carabajal, [66].
Pánuco River, [25], [37].
Paoli, [500].
Paquimé (Casas Grandes), Ibarra at, [56].
Paraguay, [306].
Paramaribo, [23].
Pardo, Juan, explores Alleghanies, 1568, [64].
Pareja, Father, Franciscan missionary and writer in Florida, [253].
Paria, Central America, [29].
Parma, Duchess of, [52].
Parral, Mexico, town, garrison, and mission, [242].
Parras, colony established at, [60];
administered by Urdiñola, [60];
Santa Maria de, Jesuit mission, [60].
Parras, Laguna de, [59].
Parrilla, Diego Ortiz, Colonel, in Texas, [299];
explorations, [385].
Parson's Cause, [429].
Pastorius, Francis Daniel, [318].
Patroon system, [169]-[170].
Pátzcuaro, Mexico, [36].
Pauw, Michael, [170].
Pawnee Indians, [23], [283];
horse market for Atlantic coast colonies, [400].
Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, [366].
Peace of Paris, [382]-[383].
Peace of Ryswick, [266]-[267].
Peace of Utrecht, [273], [361].
Pearl Coast, The, [24].
Pearl fisheries, [68], [71], [240], [243]-[244].
Pearls, Isle of, [29].
Pecos River, [45], [46], [72].
Pedrarias de Ávila, governor of Castilla del Oro, [29]-[31];
expeditions, [29], [31]-[32];
governor of Nicaragua, [31].
Pemaquid, Maine, [262], [265].
Pembroke and Montgomery, Earl of, receives West Indian grant, [132].
Peñalosa, ex-governor of New Mexico, proposes attack on Spanish
colonies, [249].
Penn, Admiral William, conquers Jamaica, [153], [253].
Penn, William, grant of Pennsylvania, [203];
his powers, [204];
founding of Philadelphia, [204];
frame of government, [204];
first sojourn in America, [204]-[205];
activities in England, [205];
attempts to relieve friction in Pennsylvania, [205];
restored to his proprietorship, [346];
grants Charter of Privileges, [350];
interest in New Jersey, [199];
settles dispute over lands in West New Jersey, [201];
lands in West New Jersey, [201];
holdings in East New Jersey, [202].
Pennsylvania, the Quaker faith, [202];
coming of the Quakers, [202]-[203];
Penn's grant, [203];
powers of the proprietor, [204];
founding of Philadelphia, [204];
frame of government, [204];
arrival of Penn and establishment of the government, [204]-[205];
friction in the colony, [205];
growth, [205];
population, [224];
economic conditions, [226];
religion, [226];
education, [226]-[227];
German migration to, [317]-[318], [319];
Swiss migration to, [321];
Scotch-Irish migration to, [325]-[326];
economic and social condition in the eighteenth century, [332]-[333];
under William III, [345];
Charter of Privileges, [350];
protest against Grenville's policy, [433];
navy, [518].
Penobscot expedition, [518].
Penobscot River settlements, [139].
Pensacola (bay and settlement), bay discovered by De Soto, [42];
De Luna's expedition to, [61]-[62];
Ichuse settled, [62];
plans to reoccupy, [255]-[256];
Pensacola founded, [275];
captured by French, [279]-[295];
under English rule, [403], [407], [408];
reoccupied by Gálvez, [518].
Pequot War, [149]-[150].
Pérez, Captain Juan, with Portolá expedition, [389];
voyage up Pacific coast, [395].
Pérez, Fray Juan, influence in favor of Columbus, [7].
Pérez, Martín, Jesuit missionary in Sinaloa, [55], [237], [239].
Pernambuco, captured by Dutch West India Company, [252].
Perrot, Nicholas, posts of, in Wisconsin, [101].
Peru, [29], [46], [49], [50], [66];
viceroyalty of, [75].
Peter the Great, [388].
Petit Guave, West Indies, [262], [268].
Petition of Right, [112].
Pez, Andrés de, explorer of Gulf of Mexico, [249], [255].
Philadelphia, founding, [204];
description of, [226];
in the eighteenth century, [332]-[353];
First Continental Congress, [452];
Second Continental Congress, [463];
captured by the British, [500]-[501];
evacuated by the British, [509].
Philip II, of Spain, emigration policy, [21];
inheritance, [52];
agent of the Catholic church in the Counter-Reformation, [52]-[53];
Spain's weakness under, [53];
decision to colonize Florida, [62];
to establish trade with Philippines, [67];
war with France, [79];
policy toward England, [105].
Philip III, of Spain, policy regarding Virginia, [119].
Philip V, of Spain, [359].
Philippines, Spanish claim to, [46];
expeditions to, [46]-[47];
occupation of, [54];
conquest of, [67]-[68];
Legazpi's expedition, [68];
the Manila galleon, [66], [68], [69];
discovery of return route from, [69];
captured by English, [382].
Phips, Sir William, expedition against Port Royal, Acadia, [264];
expedition against Quebec, [264];
orders rebuilding Fort Pemaquid and fort on the Saco, [265].
Pichilingues, pirates in the Gulf of California, [240].
Picólo, Francisco Maria, S.J., in Lower California, [306].
Pickens, General Arthur, [529].
Piedmont, settlement of, [309]-[329];
significance, [326]-[328].
Piernas, Pedro, lieutenant-governor at St Louis, [398].
Pilgrims at Scrooby, Gainsborough, and Austerfield, [137];
removal to Leyden, [137];
Use at Leyden, [137];
causes of removal from Holland, [137];
Mayflower Compact, [138].
See Plymouth Colony.
Pillars of Alexander, [1].
Pillars of Hercules, [1].
Pima Revolt, [305].
Pimería Alta (Sonora and Arizona), Jesuits in, [301]-[306];
exploration and settlement in Arizona, [302];
Kino's map, [303];
decline and revival of the missions, [303]-[304];
Arizonac mines, [304];

work of Keller and Sedelmayr, [304];
plans to occupy the Gila and Colorado, [304]-[305];
the Pima revolt, [305];
the northwestern frontier in 1763, [305]-[306].
Pimienta, captures English settlement, on Providence Island, [252].
Piñadero, attempt to colonize Lower California, [241].
Pineda, explores Gulf of Mexico, [26], [37].
Pinta, one of Columbus's ships, [8].
Pinzón, explores coasts, [24], [25].
Pious Fund of California, [306], [389].
Piquet, French missionary in New York, [368].
Piracy Act, [349]-[350].
Pirates. See Freebooters.
Pitt, William, [376], [381];
opposition to the Stamp Act, [437].
Pitt-Grafton Ministry, [438].
Pizarro, conqueror of Peru, De Soto with, [41]
Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, [271].
Plantation Duties Act of 1673, [181].
Platte River, Humana expedition to, 1594, [73]-[74];
French traders on, [285]-[286], [300];
Spanish plans to settle on, [295];
Villazur expedition destroyed, 1720, [296];
horse market for English colonies, [400];
Spanish fur trade on, [402].
Plowden, Sir Edmund, grant on Long Island, [150].
Plymouth Company, charter, [116];
attempts to colonize, [136].
Plymouth Colony, Mayflower Compact, [138];
settlement at Plymouth, [138];
economic development, [138]-[139];
trouble with western settlers, [139];
expansion, [139];
government, [139]-[140];
trouble with settlers at Cape Ann, [140]-[141];
with Morton's settlers, [141];
member of New England Confederation, [156];
the Dominion of New England, [194];
education, [220];
consolidation with Massachusetts, [340].
Pocahontas, [121].
Pocock, English admiral, captures Havana, [382].
Polo, Marco, Matteo, and Nicolo, in the East, [3], [7].
Pond, Peter, fur trader, [423].
Pontchartrain, French Minister of Marine, [275].
Pontgravé, French fur trader, [85], [86].
Pontiac, conspiracy of, [409], [417], [422].
Pope Alexander VI, assignation of discoveries between Spain and
Portugal, [11].
Pope Innocent IV, sends legate to the Great Khan, [3].
Popé, Indian leader of Pueblo revolt, [245]-[246].
Population. See Immigration and Population.
Port Royal, Acadia, [85], [86].
See also Acadia.
Port Royal, South Carolina, [62], [210].
Port Royal, Jamaica, destroyed, [262].
Port Royal Sound, Huguenot settlement on, [84].
Porter y Casante, attempt to colonize California, [240].
Portezuelos, Mexico, [59].
Porto Bello. See Puerto Bello.
Portolá, expedition to California, [389];
founds San Diego, [389];
Monterey, [389];
discovers San Francisco Bay, [389].
Portoláni, [4].
Porto Rico, Island, [17], [19], [67], [253].
Porto Santo, Island, [7].
Portsmouth, New Hampshire, settled, [140];
Puritan settlers in, [157];
claimed by Massachusetts, [157].
Portsmouth, Rhode Island, founded, [148].
Portugal, rise of, [4]-[5];
Henry the navigator, [4];
exploration and discoveries, [5]-[6];
map showing expansion, [6];
reception to Columbus, [10];
line of demarkation, [11];
Magellan, [25], [46];
purchase of Moluccas, [46];
a Spanish province, [53], [68];
spice trade, [67];
incorporated with Spain, [107];
joins League of Armed Neutrals, [520].
Post Office, English colonial, [35];
during the Revolution, [465].
Pownall, Thomas, western land scheme, [411].
Pragmatic Sanction, [360].
Presbyterians, in New Jersey, [202], [226];
in South Carolina, [231].
Prescott, Colonel William, [461].
Prester John, supposed Christian king in interior Africa, [5].
Preston, Colonel, [417].
Prevost, Colonel, [406].
Prevost, General Augustine, [524].
Prideaux, expedition against Niagara, [379].
Princeton, battle of, [492].
Princeton College, pillaged by Hessians, [489].
Printing press, established in Mexico, [50].
Printz, Johan, governor of New Sweden, [175].
Privateers, [465],518.
Privateers, English, French, and Dutch, in Spanish waters, [252], [271];
Spanish retaliation, [252].
Privy council, [113], [114], [343]-[344], [347]-[348], [354].
Prize courts, [542].
Prizes, [465].
Proclamation of 1763, creates crown colonies, [404];
discourages expansion, [411];
provisions for government and fur trade, [420], [421].
Protestant Reformation, [16], [52];
in France, [78]-[79].
Providence Island, occupied by English, [133];
English expelled by Spaniards, [134], [252].
Providence Island Company, [133]-[134].
Providence Plantation, founding, [147];
government, [143].
See Rhode Island.
Provincias Internas (New Spain), organization of, [386]-[387].
Ptolemy, his conception of the world, [1], [2].
Puaray, New Mexico, [72].
Puebla, Mexico, population, [75].
Pueblo Indians, of New Mexico, [46];
revolt of, [245]-[247].
Puerto Bello, [32], [360], [361].
Puritan Revolution, attitude of English colonies, [152].
Purry, Jean, [321].
Putnam, Colonel, plants colony on Mississippi, [408].
Putnam, Israel, [459], [461], [464].
Pym, John, interest in the Caribbean, [133].
Quakers, Massachusetts persecution, [189];
in New Jersey, [198]-[202], [226];
in Pennsylvania, [202]-[206], [226];
in Connecticut, [220];
in Rhode Island, [220];
in New York, [223];
in North Carolina, [229];
in South Carolina, [231].
Quartering Acts, [434]-[436], [438], [450].
Quebec Act of 1774, [413], [450]-[451].
Quebec, [257], [264], [272];
founding, [86];
occupied by English, [87];
Jesuit schools in, [88];
during intercolonial wars, [257], [264], [272], [379];
British regulation of fur trade, [404]-[406], [421]-[424];
province of, under British administration, [419]-[421];
population in 1763, [419];
first British settlers, [419];
civil government established, [420];
Proclamation of 1763, [420];
Quebec Act, [420], [421];
boundaries extended, [420];
Loyalists in, [421];
fur trade under the British, [421]-[424];
American expedition against, [487].
See French and Indian War.
Queen Anne's War. See War of the Austrian Succession.
Queres Indians, New Mexico, [246].
Querétaro, a buffer province, conquest of, [39];
natives as agents of subjugation, [39];
battle of, [58];
founding of town, [58];
College of the Holy Cross at, [249].
Quexos, slave hunter and explorer, [26].
Quiché Indians, Guatemala, conquest of, [38].
Quincy, Josiah, defense of British soldiers, [443].
Quiroga, oidor of New Spain, [49]; bishop of Michoacán, [49].
Quivira (Kansas), [45], [72], [73], [243].
Radisson, French fur trader, [90], [260];
influence in establishment of Hudson's Bay Company, [213].
Raleigh, Walter, English freebooter and colonizer, [66], [251];
interest in Mediterranean commerce, [107];
charter of 1584, [109];
attempts to colonize Roanoke Island, [110];
expedition to Guiana, [110];
final attempt to colonize Guiana, [132];
death, [132].
Ramón, Domingo, founds colony in Texas, [293], [295], [296].
Randolph, Edward, royal agent, [192];
collector of the customs, [193];
attempt to enforce trade laws, [194];
imprisonment, [194];
surveyor-general of the customs, [344].
Randolph, Peyton, [463].
Rappahannock River, Spanish mission on, [65].
Rawdon, Lord Francis, [529].
Recollet friars, activities in Canada, [87].
Red River, Spanish and French on, [42], [283],284.
Reformation, The. See The Protestant Reformation.
Regidores, members of cabildo, [20];
manner of obtaining office, [20].
Renault, mining on the Missouri, [282].
Requisitions upon states, [545].
Restoration, the, [179].
Restraining Act, [456].
Revere, Paul, [460].
Revillagigedo, viceroy of New Spain, [305].
Revolution in English colonies, background of the contest and nature
of the causes, [423]-[429];
legislation during the Grenville Ministry, [429]-[436];
repeal of the Stamp Act, [436]-[438];
the Townshend Acts, [438]-[443];
beginning of organized resistance, [443]-[447];
the tea controversy, [447]-[449];
North's coercive policy, [449]-[451];
First Continental Congress, [451]-[456];
opening of hostilities, [458]-[463];
Second Continental Congress, [463]-[470];
progress of the war, [470]-[472];
Loyalists, [472]-[476];
Declaration of Independence, [476]-[481];
contest for New York, [482]-[489];
New Jersey campaign, [489]-[493];
struggle with Burgoyne, [493]-[499];
contest for Philadelphia, [499]-[504];
the French alliance, [505]-[512];
the war in the West, [512]-[515];
Spain in the war, [515]-[517];
the war on the sea and the Dutch alliance, [517]-[522];
the war in the South, [524]-[530];
the Yorktown campaign, [530]-[538];
the treaty of peace, [532]-[538];
governmental development during the Revolution, [539]-[555].
Ribas, Pérez de, missionary and historian in Sinaloa, [239].
Ribaut, Jean, French colonizer;
in Carolina and Florida, [62], [84].
Rica de Oro, Island, [71].
Rica de Plata, Island, [71].
Rice, [231], [313], [334]-[335], [356].
Richelieu, Cardinal, administration of, government of France, [79]-[80];
colonial policy, [80].
Rio del Espíritu Santo. See Mississippi River.
Rio Fuerte, Sinaloa, [42], [56].
Rio Grande, [45], [73];
pueblo region of, [46];
population on, in 1680, [244]-[245];
crossed by expedition from the south, [248].
See New Mexico, Nuevo León, Coahuila, Texas.
Rivas, explorer of Gulf of Mexico, [249].
Rivera y Moneada, with Portolá in California, [389].
Rivera, Juan Maria, explores in Colorado, [291]-[292].
Rivera, Pedro de, inspects frontier of New Spain, [297], [298],304.
Rhode Island, founding, [147];
confederation, [159];
code, [159];
government, [159];
charter, [190];
attitude toward royal commissioners, [191];
King Philip's War, [191]-[192];
Dominion of New England, [194]-[195];
charter restored, [195];
population, [216];
commerce, [216];
religion, [220];
education, [220];
restoration of the charter, [344];
protest against Grenville's policy, [432];
opposes the Stamp Act, [436];
British occupation, [489].
See Providence Plantation, Roger Williams; Anne Hutchinson.
Rich, Sir Nathaniel, interest in the Caribbean, [133].
Rich, Robert, Lord Warwick, interest in colonization, [133];
land grants in New England, [140], [149];
assists Reverend John White, [141].
Rising, John, governor of New Sweden, [177].
Roanoke, lost colony of, [110].
Roanoke Island, [66], [251].
Robertson, James, pioneer in Tennessee, [415], [416], [419];
defense of Watauga, [513].
Roberval, French colonizer, [82];
commissioned viceroy and lieutenant-general of Canada, [82].
Robinson, Rev. John, at Scrooby, [137].
Rochambeau, Comte de, [511].
Rockingham Ministry, [437]-[438].
Rocky Mountains, [282].
Rodney, Admiral, in the West Indies, [382], [511], [530]-[531];
defeats de Grasse, [532].
Rodrigo del Rio de Losa, expedition to open mines of Nueva Vizcaya,
56;
cattle ranches of, [58].
Rodríguez, Fray Agustín, expedition to New Mexico, [72].
Roe, Sir Thomas, expedition to Guiana, [132].
Rolfe, John, [121].
Rosicrucians, [318].
Roxbury settled, [142].
Royal council, Spanish, [14];
divided into three councils, justice, state, and finance, [14].
Rowley, William, English vice-admiral, [365].
Rubí, Marqués de, inspects outposts of New Spain, [385]-[386].
Ruí, Captain Francisco, in Missouri.
Rubruquis, William de, sent to court of Great Khan, [3].
Rump Parliament, [152].
Rupert, Prince, interest in Hudson's Bay Company, [213].
Russia, [3], [375], [382], [384];
expansion across Siberia, [388];
expeditions of Bering on Pacific, [388];
fur traders on Aleutian Islands, [388];
rumors of activities of, [394].
Rutherford, Gen. Griffith, [512]-[513].
Rutledge, Edward, member of the First Continental Congress, [452];
defense of Charleston, [471];
on committee to draw up Articles of Confederation, [550].
Rutledge, John, member of the Stamp Act Congress, [436];
member of the First Continental Congress, [452].
Saavedra, Alvaro de, expedition across the Pacific, [42], [46].
Saavedra, Hernando, in Honduras, [38].
Saba Island, settled by Dutch, [167];
captured by English, [206], [531].
Sable Island, [81], [85].
Saco Bay, settlement, [140].
Sagres, on Cape St. Vincent, [4].
St. Augustine, Florida, founding, [62];
Franciscan monastery at, [65];
siege of, in War of the Spanish Succession, [269]-[270];
attacks on, in War of Jenkins' Ear, [362], [364];
under English rule, [403], [408], [409].
St. Bartholomew's, massacre of, [79].
St. Christopher Island, settled by French, [93], [94], [252];
by English, [132]-[133], [252];
in the Leeward Isles government, [206];
in wars, [261], [268];
social conditions, [340];
captured by De Grasse, [532];
restored to Great Britain, [537].
St. Clair, Gen. Arthur, in Burgoyne campaign, [494]-[495].
St. Croix Island, French settlement of, [85].
St. Denis, Louis Juchereau de, founds Natchitoches, [278];
expeditions to Mexico, [278], [282]-[283], [293];
imprisonment, [283], [295];
raises French expedition, [297].
St. Eustatius Island, settled by the Dutch, [167], [252];
captured by the English, [206], [262];
trade, [341], [428];
in the Revolution, [520];
captured by the English, [530]-[531].
St. John, French fur trading post, [86].
St. John's River, [62].
St. Joseph, Michigan, captured by Spaniards, [516].
St. Julien, Peter, South Carolina trader, [369].
St Kitts. See St. Christopher.
St. Lawrence River, exploration of, [81], [82];
French settlement, [86]-[90].
St. Leger's expedition, [493], [496].
St. Louis, Missouri, La Clede's post at, [396];

emigration to from Illinois, [396];
Spanish régime installed, [397]-[398];
a center for Indian control and fur trade, [401], [402];
communication with Santa Fé, [402];
British expedition against, [516];
counter expedition to Michigan, [517].
St. Louis of France, sends Rubruquis to Great Khan, [3].
St Louis, Alabama, French settlement, [276]; moved to Mobile, [276].
St. Lucia Island, captured by English, [510];
attempted capture by De Grasse, [531];
given to France, [537].
St. Marks Bay, Narváez at, [41].
St. Martin Island, settled by the Dutch, [167];
captured by English, [531].
St. Mary's, Maryland, [127].
St. Thomas Island, Danes on, [253].
St. Vincent Island, occupied by French, [510];
restored to Great Britain, [537].
Salamanca, University of, [76].
Salazar, royal factor of New Spain, [48].
Salem, Massachusetts, founded, [141];
suffering at, [142];
Roger Williams controversy, [146]-[147];
witchcraft, [220].
Salmerón, oidor of New Spain, [49].
Saltillo, Coahuila, settlement of, [59];
Franciscan monastery at, [59].
Salvatierra, Juan Maria, Jesuit missionary in Lower California, [306].
San Antonio Mission, California, [389].
San Antonio, Florida, presidio of, [64].
San Antonio, Texas, founded, [293]-[295];
strengthening of, [298].
San Bernabé, Lower California, [307].
San Blas, naval base for California, [389].
San Bruno, Lower California, [242].
San Buenaventura Mission, California, [394].
San Carlos Mission, California, [389].
San Diego, California, founded, [389].
San Diego Bay, California, discovery of, [47];
exploration of, [71].
Sandoval, Gonzalo de, lieutenant of Cortés, [36], [37].
Sandys, Sir Edwin, and Virginia, [120].
San Esteban (Tampico), founding of, [37].
San Felipe, Sinaloa, [58], [59];
development of, [58];
Jesuit school for boys, [237].
San Felipe, South Carolina, [64].
San Fernando, Villa of, Texas, founded, [298].
San Francisco, California, founding of, [391].
San Francisco Bay, California, [47], [71], [389].
San Francisco Xavier, Sonora, [239].
San Gabriel Mission, California, [391].
San Gerónimo, Sonora, founding of, [45];
destruction of, [56];
refounding, [59].
San José, pueblo, California, [392].
San Juan, Sinaloa, mines of, [56];
revolt of Indians at, [58].
San Juan, Sonora, mines, [239].
San Juan, Porto Rico, founded, [17];
captured by English, [66];
decline of, [67];
captured by Dutch West India Company, [252].
San Juan River, Nicaragua, exploration of, [31]-[32].
San Luis, Nicolás de, Otomi Chief, conquest of Querétaro, [39].
San Luis Obispo Mission, California, [391].
San Luis Potosí, conquest and settlement of, [59];
growth of, [59].
San Mateo, Florida, [64].
San Miguel de Gualdape, South Carolina, settlement of, [41].
San Miguel el Grande (Allende), Mexico, [59].
San Pedro mines, Mexico, [59].
San Sabá, Texas, mines, [248];
mission, [299].
San Salvador, Central America, conquest, [31], [37]-[38];
population, [75].
San Salvador Island, discovered and named by Columbus, [8], [10].
San Xavier (San Gabriel) River, Texas, mission and presidio on, [299].
Santa Ana, Father, missionary in Texas, [299].
Santa Bárbara mission and presidio, California, [394].
Santa Bárbara, Mexico, mines of, [56];
expedition from, [72].
Santa Catalina Island, California, [71], [255];
mission, [255].
Santa Clara Mission, California, [392].
Santa Cruz de Tlatelalco, Mexico,
College of, founded, [50].
Santa Cruz Island, [252].
Santa Elena (Port Royal) South Carolina, [61]-[62], [64], [65], [253].
Santa Fé Mission, Florida, [2], [69].
Santa Fé, New Mexico, [73], [243], [246], [290].
Santa Fé de Guanajauto, founding of, [58].
Santa Lucia, Florida, [64].
Santa Maria, one of Columbus' ships, [8];
wreck of, [10].
Santa Maria de Lagos, Mexico, [59].
Santa Maria de Parras, Coahuila, [60].
Santangel, Luis de, influence in favor of Columbus, [7];
loan to the Castilian treasury, [8].
Santa Cruz, Franciscan College of, at Querétaro, [249].
Santiago de Cuba, founded, [17], [18];
decline of, [67];
captured by Jackson, [252];
English attempt to conquer, [363].
Santo Domingo, [17], [67];
establishment of audiencia, [20];
population, [75];
attacks on during King William's War, [262].
Saratoga, campaign, [497], [498].
Sardinia Island, [13], [359].
Satren, Pierre, expedition to New Mexico, [286].
Sault Ste. Marie, [88];
Jesuit mission, [88], [96].
Saunders, English vice-admiral, [379], [380].
Savannah, founding, [316];
attempted relief by D'Estaing, [511];
captured by the British, [524];
failure to recapture, [524].
Saybrook, [149].
Saye and Sele, Lord, interest in the Caribbean, [133];
holdings in the Connecticut Valley, [149];
obtains lands in New Hampshire, [157].
Sayle, Captain William, governor of the Bermuda Islands, leads
colony to Segatoo, [152];
leads settlers to old Charles Town, [208].
Schenectady, New York, [263].
Schouten, William Cornelius, discovers Cape Horn, [165].
Schuyler, Captain John, [264].
Schuyler, Peter, [265].
Schuyler, Gen. Philip, appointment, [464];
in command of the northern department, [487];
defense of northern New York, [493]-[496];
superseded by Gates, [496].
Schuylkill River, settlement, [155].
Scotch, in New Jersey, [202];
at Port Royal, [210];
in New England, [216];
in New York, [222].
See Scotch-Irish.
Scotch-Irish, causes of migration, [322]-[323];
seventeenth century migration, [324];
the great migration, [324];
to New England, [324]-[325];
to New York, [325];
to Pennsylvania, [325]-[326];
to the Southern Piedmont, [326];
in North Carolina, [415].
Second Continental Congress, delegates, [463];
nature of the work of the congress, [463]-[464];
military and naval preparations, [464];
prizes and privateers, [465];
finance, [465];
post office established, [465];
Indian policy, [465]-[466];
enforcement of the Association, [466]-[467];
letter to the people of Canada, [467];
attempts to influence public opinion in the British Empire, [468];
statement to the army, [468];
petition to the king, [468]-[469];
reply to Lord North, [469];
abandons Philadelphia and goes to Baltimore, [490];
second abandonment of Philadelphia, [502];
provides a navy, [517];
its nature, [539];
original powers of the delegates, [540];
causes of weakness, [540]; business, [541];
organization and conduct of business, [541];
early acts, [541]-[542];
judicial functions, [542];
military affairs, [542]-[543];
naval affairs, [543];
foreign affairs, [543]-[544];
financial affairs, [544]-[545];
creates executive offices, [553].
Secretaries of State, [347], [351], [353].
Sedelmayr, Father Jacob, Jesuit missionary and explorer in Arizona,
304, [307].
Segatoo (Eleutheria) Island, settled, [152].
Segura, Father, Jesuit, founds missions in Florida, Georgia,
Carolina, and Virginia, 1568-1570, [65].
Seignorial grants in New France, [92], [93].
Seneca Indians, [259];
in St. Leger's army, [496].
Sénégal, Africa, coast of, explored, [5];
retained by British, 1763, [382].
Separatists, [135].
Sena, Junípero, [386];
president of the California missions, [389];
member of Portolá expedition, [389];
goes to Mexico, [389]; death, [394].
Seven Years' War, [375], [384].
See French and Indian War.
Sevier, John, Tennessee pioneer, [415], [416];
defense of Watauga, [513];
at King's Mountain, [527].
Seville, [10];
treaty of, [366].
Shaftesbury. See Cooper.
Shawnee Indians, [417].
Sheffield, Lord, land grant to, [140].
Shelby, Isaac, [527].
Shenandoah Valley, settlement, [320].
Sherman, Roger, member of First Continental Congress, [452];
on the committee for drafting Declaration of Independence, [479];
on committee to draw up Articles of Confederation, [550].
Ship-building, [217], [331], [332].
Shirley, governor of Massachusetts, [364]. [374], [375]-[376].
Shrewsbury, New Jersey, [198].
Sicily, [16], [359], [361].
Sieur de Argaud, New World project, [275].
Sieur de Monts, fur trader. [85], [86].
Silao, Mexico, founded, [58].
Silva, Father Juan de, Franciscan missionary in Florida, [65].
Sinaloa, conquest of, [39];
development of, [56], [305]-[306], [387];
Jesuits in, [237]-[240];
map of, in seventeenth century, [238].
Sinclair, British commander at Mackinac, expedition against St.
Loins, [516].
Sioux Indians, French among, [287].
Six Nations. See the Iroquois Indians.
Slavery, beginning of the traffic, [5];
slaves in Spain, [13];
enslaving of the Indians, [22], [23], [31], [37], [56], [60]-[61], [72], [75], [270], [298];
practiced by Mayas and Nahuas, [27];
negro slavery, [23], [56], [273], [276], [279], [281], [282], [361];
in French settlements, [94];
St. Thomas, slave-trading station, [253];
English monopoly of slave-carrying trade, [385];
Dutch slave trade, [196];
English slave trade, [196], [197];
in tobacco colonies, [229];
in South Carolina, [230], [334]-[335];
in Georgia, [316];
Rhode Island slave trade, [331];
in various colonies, [336];
in the West Indies, [339]-[341].
Sloughter, Henry, governor of New York, [198], [344]-[345].
Smith, James, explorer on the Tennessee, [413].
Smith, John, in Virginia, [117];
explorations on the New England coast, [136].
Smuggling, [350]-[360], [361], [385], [398], [406].
Smythe, Sir Thomas, interest in Mediterranean trade, [107];
in Virginia Company, [120].
Society for Propagating the Gospel, [338].
Solís, Juan de, explorer, [25].
Sombrerete, Mexico, [55], [56].
Somers, Sir George, wrecked on Bermuda Islands, [129];
forms Somers Island Company, [130].
Somers Island Company, [130];
dissolved, [206].
Sonora, Mexico, [41];
Jesuits in, [237], [230]-[240];
map, [238];
development, [305]-[306], [387];
Indian disturbances, 1768-1771, [386].
See Pimería Alta.
Sons of Liberty, [436].
Sosa, Castaño de, alcalde-mayor in Nuevo León, [60];
expedition to New Mexico, [72].
Sothell, Seth, [211].
Soton, French trader on the Tennessee, [102].
South America, explorations of Portuguese in, [5];
Columbus' discovery of mainland of, [17];
explorations of coasts of, [23]-[24], [25];
Spanish conquests, [50].
Southampton, on Long Island, settled, [151].
South Carolina (for early history see Carolinas) in later [17]th
century, population, commerce, religion, education, society,
[230]-[231];
separation from North Carolina, [313]-[315], [354];
Spanish resistance to English advance, [253]-[256];
Yamassee revolt against Spaniards of Georgia, [255];
English raids on Georgia missions, [255];
South Carolina traders among the Creeks;
Anglo-Spanish border, struggle during War of Spanish Succession, [269]-[271];
expeditions against Florida, [269]-[270];
Spanish attack on Charleston, [270].
South Company, [174]-[175].
South Sea. See Pacific Ocean.
Spain, during the conquest, [13]-[16];
unification of, [14];
Charles V, [15]-[16];
under Philip II, [52]-[53], [67];
decline in the [17]th century, [232];
relations to the Powers, 1715-1739, [359]-[361];
attitude toward American Revolution, [507]-[508];
in American Revolution, [515]-[517];
operations on lower Mississippi, [515];
repulse of British at St. Louis, [516];
expedition against St. Joseph, [516];
capture of Mobile and Pensacola, [516]-[517];
in League of Armed Neutrals, [520];
loans to United States, [554].
Spanish Armada, defeat of, [52]-[53].
Spanish Colonies in North America, general history, the discovery,
[7]-[11];
the founding of New Spain, [13]-[50];
occupation of West Indies, [16]-[19];
beginnings of colonial administration and policy, [19]-[23];
exploration of mainland coasts and search for strait, [23]-[26];
Maya and Nahua civilization, [26]-[28];
conquest of Central America, [28]-[32];
conquest of Valley of Mexico, [32]-[36];
spread of conquest in southern Mexico and Central America, [36]-[40];
exploration of Florida, Cíbola, Quivira, California and Philippines,
[40]-[47];
establishment of viceroyalty of New Spain, [47]-[50];
expansion in later [16]th century, [52]-[76];
New Spain under Philip II, [52]-[55];
the mines of northern Mexico, [55]-[61];
occupation of the Atlantic seaboard (Florida, Georgia, South
Carolina, Virginia), [61]-[65];
foreign intrusions in the Atlantic, [65]-[67];
the Philippines and California, [67]-[71];
New Mexico founded, [72]-[75];
Spanish achievement in the sixteenth century, [75]-[76];
expansion in the [17]th century, [233]-[256];
frontier administration, [234]-[235];
the missions, [235]-[237];
Jesuits in Sinaloa and Sonora, [237]-[240];
efforts to occupy Lower California, [240]-[242];
Chihuahua settled, [242];
New Mexico in the [17]th century, lost and regained, [243]-[247];
Coahuila founded, [247]-[249];
first attempts in eastern Texas, [249]-[251];
struggle with rivals in the West Indies, [251]-[253];
with the English on the Carolina border, [253]-[256];
New Spain in the Wars of English and Spanish successions, [261]-[262],
[267]-[271];
French intrusions in Louisiana, Texas, and New Mexico, [275]-[286];
expansion and frontier conflict during early [18]th century, [289]-[307];
development of Chihuahua and New Mexico frontier, [289]-[290];
explores in Colorado and Utah Basin, [291]-[292];
the province of Texas, [292]-[300];
French intrusion, [295]-[297]; [300]-[301];
occupation of Pimería Alta, [301]-[306];
the Jesuits in Lower California, [306]-[307];
Spanish colonies during intercolonial wars, [359]-[383];
Florida lost, Louisiana acquired, [382];

readjustments after Seven Years' War, [384]-[388];
Charles III and José de Gálvez, [384]-[387];
expulsion of Jesuits, [386];
the Provinciali Internas, [386]-[387];
new dioceses, [387];
the intendancies, [387];
the Russian menace, [388];
Alta California founded, [380]-[394];
communication with New Mexico, [391]-[392];
explorations in Northern Pacific, [394]-[395];
Louisiana under Spain, [395]-[402];
ceded, [382], [395];
hostility to transfer, [396];
O'Reilly's coup d'état, [397];
development of the province, [397]-[402];
Spain in the American Revolution, [515]-[517];
Gálvez's conquests, [515]-[516];
English campaign against St. Louis, [516];
Florida restored to Spain, [535]-[538].
Spice Islands, [24], [46], [68].
Spillberg, Dutch freebooter on the Pacific, [240].
Spotswood, Governor Alexander, expedition to the Blue Ridge
Mountains, [313].
Springfield founded, [149].
Squanto, [138]-[319].
Stamford founded, [150].
Stamp Act, [433]; opposition and resistance
to, [434]-[436]; repealed, [437].
Stamp Act Congress, [436]-[437].
Standish, Captain Miles, at Leyden, [137];
commanding expedition to Cape Ann, [141].
Staple Act of 1663, [180]-[181].
Stark, Gen. John, [461], [495]-[496].
State governments, organization, [546];
types, [546];
variations from type, [547];
selection of judiciary, [548];
courts, [548];
state of Vermont, [548];
western state-making, [549].
Statute of Henry VIII regarding trials for treason, [442].
Stephen, negro, with Vaca, [44].
Stirling, Sir Thomas, [484], [490], [500].
Stone, William, governor of Maryland, [162].
Stoner, pioneer in Kentucky. [413], [417].
Stony Point, captured by Wayne, [511].
Strabo, his conception of the world, [1].
Strait of Anian, [24], [25], [67]-[68].
Straits of Magellan, [25].
Stuart, John, British Indian superintendent, [407], [412].
Stuyvesant, Peter, director of Curaçao [172];
director-general of New Netherlands, [172];
struggle over representation, [172]-[173];
conquest of New Sweden, [177];
difficulties with the English, [177]-[178].
Suaque Indians, Sinaloa, [239].
Suffolk Resolves, [452].
Sugar, [340]-[341].
Sugar Act, [430]-[431].
Sullivan, Gen. John, at Long Island. [484];
in Northern New York, [487];
at Trenton, [490], [491];
at Brandywine, [500];
at Germantown, [502];
at Newport, [510];
expedition against the Iroquois, [515].
Sully, French minister, [79].
Sulpicians, in the Illinois country, [91], [101].
Sumter, Thomas, South Carolina leader in the Revolution, [526], [527],
529.
Superstitions in New England, [220].
Surinam, [197].
Swannendael, Dutch settlement, [170].
Swanson and McGillivray, traders in Florida, [407].
Sweden, alliance with France, [80];
expansion movement, [174]-[175];
settlements on the Delaware, [175];
conquest of New Sweden by Dutch, [175]-[176].
Swiss migration to South Carolina, [321];
to North Carolina, [321];
to Georgia, [321].
Sylvius, Æneas, General History and Geography, [7].
Tabasco, Mexico, [33].
Tacuba, Mexico, [28].
Tadoussac, fur trading settlement, [85], [87].
Tagus River, [10], [13].
Talon, first intendant of New France, [92];
administrative activities, [92]-[93], [96].
Tamaulipas, Mexico. See Hausteca, Pánuco, Nuevo Santander.
Tamaral, Father, Jesuit missionary in Lower California, [307].
Tampa Bay, DeSoto at, [41].
Tampico (San Estéban), Mexico, [37].
Tangaxoan, Tarascan chief, [36].
Tano Indians, [246].
Tápia, Cristóbal de, attempt to investigate Cortés, [34].
Tápia, Fernando de, Otomi chief in, conquest of Querétaro, [39].
Tápia, Gonzalo de, Jesuit missionary in Sinaloa, [237].
Tarahumare Indians, [242];
revolt of, [246].
Tarascans, Mexican tribe, [28], [36].
Taraval, Father, Jesuit missionary in Lower California, [307].
Tarleton, Sir Banastre, [525], [526], [528].
Tartary, travelers' report of, [3].
Tea controversy, [447]-[449].
Tegesta, Florida, [64].
Tehuantepec, Mexico, [36].
Tehueco Indians, Sinaloa, [239].
Tejas (Texas) Indians, [245].
Tennessee, settlement of eastern, [414]-[416];
stimulated by North Carolina troubles, [414]-[415];
the Watauga settlement, [415];
the Watauga Association, [415]-[416];
middle, [418]-[419];
Cumberland settlement, [419];
Davidson County, North Carolina, [419].
Terán, Domingo de, governor of Texas, [251].
Terreros, Don Pedro de, gift to Apache missions, [299].
Texas, Pineda coasts, [26];
Vaca crosses, [41];
Moscoso in, [41];
Coronado in Panhandle, [45];
Espejo crosses, [72];
Castaño de Sosa crosses, [72];
Oñate crosses Panhandle, [73];
La Salle's colony in, [98]-[100];
Tonty in, [99];
map, [99];
expeditions from New Mexico to Jumanos, [243]-[244], [246];
beginnings of El Paso, [245];
the La Junta missions, [245];
Azcué crosses Rio Grande, [248];
Cerro de la Plata, [248];
Bosque-Larios expedition, [248];
the Querétaro friars, [248]-[249];
search for LaSalle's colony, [249];
eastern Texas occupied (De León and Massanet), [249]-[251];
and then abandoned, [251];
map, [250];
Hurtado in western Texas, [291];
advance of the Coahuila frontier, [292];
plans to reoccupy Texas, [292];
new French intrusion, [278], [283];
St. Denis in Mexico, [278], [292];
eastern Texas reoccupied (Ramón, Espinosa, Margil), [293];
San Antonio founded (Olivares, Alarcón), [293]-[295];
map, [294];
French invasion (Blondel), [279], [295];
the Aguayo expedition, [296]-[297];
Texas won for Spain, [297];
expansion of Texas, [297];
Rivera's inspection, [297];
San Antonio strengthened, [298];
Apache wars, [298];
Tonkawa and Apache missions, [298]-[299];
the Gulf coast occupied (Nuevo Santander), [299];
western boundary, [300];
the Texas-Louisiana boundary, [300];
the Lower Trinity fortified, [301];
readjustment after 1763, [385];
explorations of Parrilla and Escandón, [385];
Rubí's tour, [385];
eastern outposts abandoned, [385], [400];
Gil Ybarbo, [400];
De Mézières among the northern tribes, [401];
Croix, Ugalde, and the Apache War, [401];
communication with Louisiana and New Mexico (Vial), [402].
Thirty Years' War, [80].
Thomson, Charles, secretary of Second Continental Congress, [541].
Three Rivers, Canada, [257], [419].
Ticonderoga, captured, [462];
an American base, [487];
abandoned, [493]-[494].
Tidewater, Atlantic, settled in [16]th and [17]th centuries, [52]-[231],
passim.
Tierra Firme, Las Casas' Utopian colony in, [23].
Tiguex, [45].
Tlascala, resistance to Cortés, [33].
Tlascaltecan Indians (Tlascalans), [28], [59];
used as colonists, [59]-[66].
Tobacco industry in English colonies, [121], [122]-[125], [130], [183]-[184],
188, [228], [313], [333]-[334];
Tobago Island, [252];
granted to the Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, [132];
captured by De Grasse, [531];
given to France, [537].
Tobar, discovers Moqui pueblos, [45].
Tocobago, Florida, [64].
Toledo, victory over English at St. Kitts, [252].
Tololotlán, Rio de, Mexico, [37].
Tolosa, Juan de, founder of Zacatecas, [55].
Toltecs, Nahua tribe, settle in Valley of Mexico, [27].
Toluca, Merico, [53], [75].
Tonkawa, missions in Texas, [209].
Tonty, soldier with La Salle, [8], [9];
fur trader, [265], [275], [276].
Tópia, Mexico, [56].
Tordesulas, Treaty of, [11].
Tories. See Loyalists.
Torres, Admiral Don Rodrigo de, [363].
Tortola Island, captured by the English, [207].
Tortuga Island, occupied by French, [94];
occupied by the English, [133].
Toscanelli, Florentine geographer, influence on Columbus, [7];
map, [7].
Touacara Indians, Oklahoma. [283].
Townshend Acts, [438]-[443].
Townshend, Charles, policy, [438].
Trans-Alleghany settlement, English, before the French and Indian
War, [413];
Boone, Croghan, Finley, and other pioneers, [413]-[414];
the Appalachian barrier, [414];
the Indian barrier, [414];
Indian cessions, [414].
Transylvania, Kentucky, [417], [418], [549].
Treasure ships, Spanish, routes of, [62].
Treasury, United States, [465].
Treasury Board, United States, [544].
Treaty of Tordesulas, [11];
of Breda, [86], [197];
of 1604 between England and Spain, [114];
of 1650 between New Netherlands and New England Confederation, [177];
of Pyrenees, [232];
of Ryswick, [266]-[267];
of Utrecht, [273];
of Aix-la-Chapelle, [366];
of Paris, 1763, [382]-[383];
of Lochaber, [412];
of alliance with France, [508];
at end of American Revolution, [532]-[548].
Trent, Council of, [52].
Trenton, battle of, [491].
Treviño, Baltasar, founder of Zacatecas, [55].
Tribunal de la Santa Hermandad, [53].
Trinidad, Guatemala, population, [75].
Trinidad Bay, California, discovery of, [395].
Trinidad Island, West Indies, [262];
granted to the Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, [132].
Trinity River, Texas, [301], [400].
Trujillo, Honduras, [38], [252].
Tryon, Governor of North Carolina, [415].
Tunica Indians, [410].
Turkish Empire, rise of, supposed effect on trade routes, [5];
opposition of Charles V to westward advance of, [16].
Turk's Island, settled, [152];
attacked, [269].
Turnbull Dr., colonizes East Florida, [309].
Tuscarora War, [271], [320].
Twenty Reasons, by Father Las Casas, [50].
Ugalde, Juan de, campaigns against Apaches, [401].
Ugarte, Juan de, Jesuit missionary and explorer in Lower California,
306.
Ulloa, Antonio de, Spanish governor of Louisiana, [396]-[397].
Ulloa, Francisco de, explores Pacific coast, [44].
Unalaska, rebellion of natives, [388].
Underwood, Captain John, raids Newfoundland, [271].
United Empire Loyalists, [538].
See Loyalists, Canada.
University of Mexico, [76];
founding of, [53].
See Education in Mexico.
Unzaga y Amezaga, Luis de, Spanish governor of Louisiana, [398].
Urdaneta, Fray Andres de, discovers return route from Philippines, [68].
Uraba, Gulf of, [38].
Urdiñola, Francisco de, settlement of Saltillo, [59];
lieutenant-governor of Nueva Vizcaya, [60];
commission to conquer New Mexico, [60].
Ursulines, The, in New France, [88].
Usselincx, William, in the Dutch West-India Company, [166];
in Sweden, [174]-[175].
Utah Basin, explorers and traders in, [291]-[292], [392].
Utatlán, Guatemala, submission to Cortés, [38].
Utrecht, Peace of, [273], [361].
Uxmal, Maya settlement, [27].
Urribarri, Juan de, expedition to El Quartelejo, [291].
Vaca, Alonzo de, expedition to Quivira, [243].
Vaca, Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de, treasurer of colony of Florida, [41];
journey across continent, [41], [42];
application for governorship of Florida, [41].
Valcárcel, Antonio de, alcalde mayor of Coahuila, founds
Monclova, [248].
Valcour Island, battle of, [487]-[488].
Valley Forge,. [503].
Valverde, governor of New Mexico, expedition across Arkansas River,
[295]-[296].
Vandalia colony, [412]-[413], [418].
Vane, Governor Harry, in the Hutchinsonian controversy, [148];
member of Committee of Trade, Plantations, and Foreign Affairs, [153].
Van Noort, Oliver, circumnavigation of the globe, [164].
Van Rensselaer, Kiliaen, patroon, [170].
Van Twiller, Wouter, director-general of New Netherlands, [170].
Vargas, Diego de, reconquest of New Mexico, [246]-[247].
Varkens Kill, settled, [155].
Vaudreuil, governor-general of New France, [375], [381].
Vaughan, Sir William, land grant in Newfoundland, [125].
Velasco, Father, Jesuit missionary, in Sinaloa, writes grammar, [237].
Velasco, López de, author of geographical work on Spanish colonies, [75].
Velasco, Luis de, second viceroy of New Spain, [53];
promotes expansion, [59], [61]-[62], [67], [71].
Velasquez, Diego, governor of Cuba, [17];
exploring expeditions, [25], [32];
his contest with Cortés, [33], [34].
Venables, conquest of Jamaica, [253].
Venetian Company, [107].
Vera Cruz, founding of, [33], [36], [47];
port of departure for expeditions to Florida, [61], [62];
port for Spanish merchant fleet, [66];
population, [75];
capture of fleet by Heyn, [252].
Vera Paz, Central America, [39].
Veragua, Central America, [28];
dukedom of, [32];
Audiencia of, [49].
Vérendrye. See La Vérendrye.
Vergennes, Comte de, French minister, policy toward the American
Revolution, [505]-[506], [507];
perfects an alliance, [508];
sends De Grasse to America, [530];
dealings with John Adams, [532]-[533];
treaty of peace, [534]-[538].
Vermont, German migration to, [322];
Scotch-Irish migration to, [325];
organization of, [548]-[549].
Vernon, Admiral Edward, [361], [363].
Verrazano, exploring expedition, [81].
Vespucius, Americus, explorations of, [24].
Vetch, Colonel Samuel, [272].
Vial, Pedro, explorations in Southwest, [402].
Viceroyalties in Spanish America, New Spain and Peru, [75]-[76].
Victoria Garayana. See Pánuco.
Vila, Captain Vicente, explores Northern Pacific, [389].
Villafañe, attempt to colonize Florida, [61]-[62].
Villalobos, López de, expedition to Philippines, [47], [67].
Villazur, expedition to Platte River, 1720, [279], [284], [291], [296].
Villiers, lieutenant-governor of Arkansas Post, [398].
Vincennes, founded, [282];
captured by Clark, [514];
reoccupied by British, [514];
retaken, [514].
Vining, E.J., identification of Fusang, [2].
Vinland, discovery of, [2].
Virgin Isles, [341].
Virginia, Jesuit mission in, 1570, [65];
Council of, [113];
settlement of, [115]-[128];
charter of 1606, [116];
Jamestown founded, [116]-[117];
John Smith, [117];
charter of 1609, [117]-[118];
the starving time, [118];
governorship of Gates, [118];
under Lord Delaware, [118]-[119];
Spanish resistance to, [118]-[119];
under Sir Thomas Dale, [119]-[121];
charter of 1612, [120];
first governorship of Berkeley, [160];